Fractures of the Distal Tibia: Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis

Injury, Int. J. Care Injured (2004) 35, 615620 Fractures of the distal shin bone minimally encroaching(a) dwelling osteosynthesis D. J. Redfern*, S. U. Syed, S. J. M. Davies Department of Orthopaedics, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey, UK Accepted 9 September 2003 KEYWORDS minimally invasive central office osteosynthesis Plate ? xation Fracture Tibia Metaphysis Summary unfit give aways of the distal shinbone that are not commensurate for intramedullary nailing are ordinarily treated by break reduction and indwelling ? ation and/or outside(a) ? xation, or treated non- effectively. Treatment of these injuries using minimally invasive coat osteosynthesis (MIPO) proficiencys may minimise soft tissue flaw and damage to the vascular integrity of the mistake fragments. We report the results of 20 farseeinganimouss treated by MIPO for unkindly intermits of the distal shinbone. Their mean age was 38. 3 geezerhood (range 1771 years). Fractures were classi? ed mat ch to the AO system, and intra-articular flurrycomitants correspond to Ruedi and ? Allgower. The mean cartridge clip to full weight-bearing was 12 weeks (range 820 weeks) and to conglutination was 23 weeks (range 1829 weeks), without look at for further surgery. There was one malunion, no deep infections and no failures of ? xation. MIPO is an strong word for closed, liquid fractures of the distal shin, avoiding the complications associated with much traditional methods of internal ? xation and/or international ? xation. ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Unstable fractures of the distal shinbone with or without intra-articular fracture extension can present a management dilemma.Traditionally, on that point cod been a variety of methods of management described and higher(prenominal) rate of associated complications reported. Non-operative give-and-take can be technically demanding and may be associated with pronounce stiffness in up to 40% of case s as well as shortening and rotational malunion in over 30% of cases. 14,20 Traditional operative treatment of such injuries is also *Corresponding author. Present address 16 By? eld Road, Isleworth, Middlesex TW7 7AF, UK. Tel. ? 44-(0)20-8847-1370 fax ? 44-(0)20-8847-1370.E-mail address david. j. emailprotected com (D. J. Redfern). associated with a high incidence of complications. Intramedullary nailing be the gold standard for treatment of most diaphysial fractures of the tibia. However, although some authors have described just results with intramedullary nailing in the treatment of distal peri-articular tibial fractures, it is generally considered unsuitable for such injuries, callable to technical dif? culty and architectural plan limitations. 17,20 Traditional straight-from-the-shoulder reduction and internal ? ation of such injuries results in vast soft tissue dissection and periosteal speck and may be associated with high rank of infection, delayed union, and non -union. 5,11,13,18,19,22 Similarly, external ? xation of distal tibial fractures may also be associated with a high incidence of complications, with pin infection and loosening in up to 50% of cases and malunion rates of up to 45%. 20 minimally invasive denture osteosynthesis (MIPO) may offer biological 00201383/$ see scarecrow matter ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. oi10. 1016/j. injury. 2003. 09. 005 616 D. J. Redfern et al. advantages. MIPO involves minimal soft tissue dissection with preservation of the vascular integrity of the fracture as well as preserving osteogenic fracture haematoma. 3 MIPO techniques have been utilise successfully in the treatment of distal femoral fractures. 9,10,23 Experience of the application of these techniques to fractures of the distal tibia is less vast and feeling regarding optimal technique differs. Some authors advocate temporary external ? xation earlier to de? itive MIPO and unremarkable ? xation of associated ? bula fracture s. 7 opposites advocate a more selective undertake to the role of external ? xation and ? bular ? xation. 2 Purpose We report our experience with minimally invasive denture osteosynthesis in the treatment of closed, unstable fractures of the distal tibia that are unsuitable for intramedullary nailing. Patients and methods We undertook a review of patients treated by MIPO for unstable fractures of the distal tibia in our hospital, between 1998 and 2001. Twenty- devil patients were identi? d, of whom 20 had follow dishearten 1 Patient Detailed patient data Age (years) 71 46 20 32 27 26 34 23 26 26 50 59 27 39 54 67 25 24 67 46 Mechanism of injury excise bead Football Motorcycle RTA Twisted Motorcycle RTA Rugby injury Rugby injury Football injury Motorcycle RTA light Fall Fall Fall Fell from wheelchair Fall Motorcycle RTA Motorcycle RTA Fall Fall Fracture classi? cation AO/R&A 42-A2 42-B1 42-A2 42-A2 42-B1 42-C1 42-B1/ division 42-A1/grade 42-B1 42-B2 42-A1 43-A3/grade 42-A1 42- A1 42-B1 42-A1 43-B1 42-A1 43-B1/grade 43-B1/grade up available. Their mean age was 38. 3 years (range 1771 years).There were 18 males and 4 females. The mechanism of injury was fall (12) motorcycle accident (6) rugby/football injury (4) (see Table 1). Fractures were classi? ed according to the AO system12 and distal intra-articular fracture extension classi? ed according to Ruedi and Allgower18 ? ? (Table 1). All 20 fractures involved the distal onethird of the tibia and in 5 cases the fracture clearly extended distally in to the ankle dustulate (Ruedi and ? Allgower grade I in 3 cases and grade II in 2 cases). It ? is important to note that although 16/20 of the fractures were classi? d according to the AO system as 42 (diaphyseal), this is somewhat misleading as the aggregate of these fractures was metaphyseal. Within the strict AO system12 de? nition of a metaphyseal fracture of the distal tibia (43), the reduce of the fracture must lie within a square of sides passable to the widest metaphyseal distance, and the centre of many of our fractures lay just outside of the metaphyseal square (Fig. 1a). The fracture pattern was however predominantly unyielding oblique or eagle-eyed spiral and as such extended well into the distal metaphysis ? extension into the joint (Fig. 1).Indications for white plague of MIPO technique These included distal diaphyseal, or metaphyseal fractures of the tibia that were considered unsuitable Time to harden (weeks) 8 7 8 8 8 8 10 10 8 8 11 8 12 12 8 8 10 8 10 10 Time to FWB (weeks) 12 13 12 14 8 20 12 12 10 17 9 14 13 12 N/A 12 10 13 10 12 Time to union (weeks) 26 24 20 22 20 20 24 18 28 29 24 26 24 20 24 20 20 22 24 20 Complications 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 I I II I II Metalwork rawness Super? cial infection Metalwork discomfort Metalwork discomfort Malunion CRPS (type 1) R&A Ruedi and Allgower. ? Fractures of distal tibia 617 dactyl 1 (a) AP and lateral radiographs of the distal tibia for case 8 (42-A1, R&A grade 1). (b) AP radiograph (case 8) at 10 weeks post-operatively showing callus formation (A) AP radiograph (case 8) at 18 weeks showing radiological union (B). for intramedullary nailing due to the distal record of the fracture and/or intra-articular or peri-articular fracture extensions. gical certify of callus. All patients were followedup for a minimum of 12 months. Operative technique Management protocol Initially, patients were managed in a plaster splint with flower until de? itive ? xation could be undertaken. Surgery was undertaken on the next available theatre careen and only delayed if soft tissue swelling or anesthetic agent concerns dictated that this was prerequisite. Intravenous antibiotics were given at induction of anaesthesia and two doses following surgery. Post-operatively, patients were not routinely splinted unless deemed unlikely to comply with a partial derivative weight-bearing regime. The legal age of patients were enc ouraged to partial weight-bear on the offset (1015 kg) from the ? rst post-operative day. aboriginal active and passive knee and ankle motion was encouraged.In the majority of cases, patients were discharged from hospital 24 h following surgery. Clinical and radiological review took place at 68 weeks to assess for evidence of callus formation. Patients were allowed to proceed to full weight-bearing on the basis of clinical and radiological evaluation but not onwards there was radioloSurgery was performed with the patient resistless on a radiolucent table. Routine preparation and draping of the injured limb was performed. Both indirect and direct techniques of fracture reduction were used depending upon the nature and pattern of the fracture.Reduction techniques employed included the use of manual traction, the AO femoral distracter, the AO articulated fracture distractor, and direct reduction with fracture reduction forceps crossways the fracture (via two stab gelts). A 2 cm in cision was made proximal and distal to the fracture on the medial border of the tibia. An extraperiosteal, hypodermic tunnel could indeed be fashioned between these two incisions using blunt dissection. A pre-measured and pre-contoured narrow 4. 5 mm DCP was then positioned in this extra-periosteal subcutaneous tunnel (Fig. 2). Accurate plate contouring and positioning was con? med by ? uoroscopy. The length of plate selected is important and should be as persistent as is reasonably possible given the particular fracture pattern. As the length of plate is 618 D. J. Redfern et al. Figure 2 Pre-contoured plate insertion with fracture reduction maintained by direct technique. increased, the capability of the ? xation construct is also increased. 21 A cortical sleep together (4. 5 mm) was then inserted done a do it hole at one end of the plate via the incisions already made for plate insertion. At this leg, axial fracture fusion was con? rmed before inserting any further screw s.Subsequent screws were inserted close to any side of the fracture via stab incisions. Further screws may be used depending upon the characteristics of the fracture. If possible, a lag screw was also inserted across the fracture (via the plate) in order to further reduce the fracture gap and add to the inflexibleness of the ? xation. However, because the technique employs a bridge plating principle, interfragmentary lag screws were not matt-up to be obligatory. It is not necessary to place screws through all of the rest holes in the plate as this does not further increase the strength or rigidity of the ? ation construct4,21 but does require further skin incisions, providing more potential portals of entry for infection (Fig. 1b). The ? bula was not ? xed unless necessary for accurate reconstructive memory of length such as encountered with some severely comminuted fractures. With fractures extending into the ankle joint, metric attention was paid to restoration of the articula r surface continuity and 3. 5 mm cortical screws inserted through stab incisions or formal open exposure as requisite. In only one case was it deemed necessary to ? x the ? ula in order to accurately reconstruct length before proceeding to minimally invasive plating of the tibia. The mean hospital persist was 6 days (range 231 days). The mean time to radiological evidence of callus formation was 9 weeks (range 712 weeks). sixty percent of patients achieved radiological callus by 8 weeks and all by 3 months (Table 1 and Fig. 2). The mean time to full weight-bearing was 12 weeks (range 820 weeks) and the mean time to union was 23 weeks (range 1829 weeks). There were no non-unions and one malunion in whom there was 58 of varus angulation.There were no cases of failure of ? xation. Three soldiers have subsequently had their metalwork removed due to discomfort during training, and have reported no further symptoms. One patient required exchange of a distal screw that was too long and was impinging upon the distal tibia? bula joint. A further patient veritable type I complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). He required guanethidine blocks to control his pain. There were no deep infections (one super? cial infection which heady on oral antibiotics). Sixteen of the 20 patients were employed at the time of their injury.Six patients were soldiers. All patients in this study have subsequently returned to their pre-injury occupations/ take aim of activity. Discussion Results Of the 20 patients presented, 12 were operated upon within 24 h of the injury, and 16 within 72 h of the injury. Surgery was delayed in the stay four patients due to transfer from another hospital (1) swelling at the site of injury (1) medical problems (1) and for further imaging (1). The surgery was performed by, or supervised by, one of six consultant orthopaedic surgeons in the department. approving results have been described using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis techniques for ? xation of distal femoral fractures. 9,10,23 Cadaveric and animal studies have emphasised the importance of minimising the peak of soft tissue damage in the region of long bone fractures. 3,16,24 Recently, Borrelli et al. 1 have demonstrated that the distal metaphyseal region of the tibia has a relatively rich extraosseous blood bring out, provided primarily by Fractures of distal tibia 619 branches of the anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries.They also demonstrated that open plating in this region produces signi? cantly greater disruption of this extraosseous blood supply than minimally invasive plate application. Helfet et al. 7 described their experience with MIPO in 20 closed pilon fractures and advocated routine use of external ? xation acute accently, followed by de? nitive ? xation 57 days later once the swelling has subsided. They also advocated the routine ? xation of associated ? bula fractures. They splinted the limb post-operatively but allowed toe-touch weight-beari ng (20 lb) from the ? rst post-operative day.Their patients achieved full weight-bearing at an average of 10. 7 weeks (range 816 weeks). Malunion occurred in 20% of cases although all patients had a good usable outcome and none required any further surgery. Collinge et al. 2 have reported their experience using MIPO in 17 tibial pecker fractures. Twelve cases had open injuries and ? ve of these required bone grafting at a later stage such that they suggested that this should be considered at an early stage in such injuries. The ? ve patients with closed injuries had complete union after the forefinger procedure with no cases of malunion or infection.These closed injuries all achieved a good functional outcome. They routinely splinted the limb post-operatively with weightbearing commenced at approximately 12 weeks. In this series, we con? rm that good results can be obtained with this technique in the treatment of closed tibial fractures with intra-articular or periarticular fract ure extensions, which are not suitable for intramedullary nailing. However, intramedullary nailing still remains the treatment of choice for most uncomplicated diaphyseal fractures of the tibia. We would not advocate the routine use of external ? ation in the acute management of such injuries, except in some open injuries with extensive soft tissue damage. Early de? nitive surgery negates the need for any form of temporary ? xation other than a POP back-slab for closed fractures. This avoids the added risk of complications arising from the use of such devices. It is our experience that ? xation of the ? bula is not necessary except to aid in reconstruction of length when there is extensive comminution of the tibial fracture. In the original series (and those of Collinge et al. 2 and Koury et al. ), a 4. 5 mm DCP has been used with acceptable results. However, this is a relatively bulky implant and lower pro? le plate designs might be expected to result in a lower incidence of posto perative metalwork discomfort along this subcutaneous medial aspect of the tibia, especially in the region of the medial malleolus. This in turn may reduce the need for subsequent implant removal. Other recent developments in plate design include pre-contoured and locking plates (e. g. LCP system, Synthes), which may offer signi? cant advantages. The internal ? ator design of locking plates has the advantage that screw insertion does not draw the bony fragments to the plate (as occurs with traditional non-locking plates) and thus, the diminutive contouring of the plate is less important in achieving accurate fracture reduction. 6,15 For the equal reason, the footprint of the locking plates should also be signi? cantly smaller than traditional non-locking plates, hence preserving periosteal blood supply to the fracture. 6 In the majority of cases, we have set up it possible to safely mobilise patients, partial weightbearing (1015 kg), from the ? st post-operative day without exte rnal splintage of the limb. This also allows early mobilisation of the knee, ankle and subtalar joints. 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