Abraham & Isaac Essay

In this classical piece of art, there is a connection with the biblical story of Abraham abiding to deitys command. Abraham is commanded to give up his one and only son. Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt-offering on one of the mountains that I shall show you. (Genesis 221-2) And so the escort depicts the last moments of Abraham and his son, where Abraham is about to dumbfound the greatest sacrifice therefore, God sends down an holy man to stop him and ordain him afterwards for showing great faith. Because you have done this, and have non withheld your son, your only son, I leave indeed bless you, and I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore said the Lord (Genesis 2215) believe more Recruitment and selection process essayBy analyzing the picture, we back end distinguish the characters and determine the setting, harmonizing with the story of Abraham sacrificing Isaac. First, there atomic number 18 three all important(p) characters in the depiction that are drawn in great detail. The basic character we back identify is Abraham who is in the center of the picture, where all the legal action is happening. We can tell that Abraham is the one who is holding the knife in his dominating hand ready to make sacrifice, with Isaac on the table. The main character Abraham, is vesture bright colour of red and purple, known to be royal colour and revered. Abraham is also clothed fully from top to bottom showing slight skin. The Angel in the context is wearing a bright snow-clad garment clothed from top to bottom.We can tell that the Angel is advising Abraham because Abrahams attention is towards this Angel. We know this is an angel who came down from heaven because of the white go on its back and how it is levitating from the ground. And know that Isaac is on the table because of how young he looks and little he is clothed. I also identified how innocent they are by observing the skin ol accompanimentory modality in each character. Abraham is the darkest because of his livelihood experience and coming of old age, the Angel has a balmy tone after Abraham, and then there is Isaac who is palest of them all. I also interpreted their level of maturity by the color of their hair.Abraham being the oldest having white hair, the Angel having mild brown hair, and Isaac being the youngest with healthy dark, black hair. Looking at the scene of the characters we can also depict the hierarchy levels in each character. Angel remains on the highest ground, then Abraham, and then Isaac. I find it peculiarly interesting to find the lamb being on higher drive than Isaac, this could be to show the importance of this animal that is chosen to be sacrificed for God. in advance Abraham is to make his sacrifice, he kneels before the wooden altar staying close to his son. We can pick up senses that the father has a loving relationship for his son. in that location are also emotions in these characters. Abraham exhibits sadness and worry in his nervus facialis expression. Isaac has a helpless, sad expression, where he knows his end will come by his own fathers hands. What I find amusing the around is that in this painting, Isaac may have knew he was going to be the sacrificial lamb. I believe Isaac knew from the point when he asked his father where the lamb for burnt-offering was.I settle that he knew of this because the way he is fasten up. Isaac is not tied up by the feet, nor is his hands tied to the table. If Isaac really wanted to dally away he couldve easily done so. Instead Isaac accepted the fact that he was going to be sacrificed and so he did not struggle. Next, the setting helps us identify the setting of the biblical account on Abraham sacrificing Isaac. The picture background clearly identifies that the sacrificing takes do in a mountain. In the background there is large land below their elevation noting how high this is fetching place. With the details in the picture we can tell that the setting took place in a dark shady neighborhood.This picture also exhibits the sentence of season, around the time of fall because there are missing leaves on the branches. On the right bottom corner there is moss growing on rocks, and moss only grows in moist and shady areas. With the details of the moss and dark colors we can get a sense of dark atmosphere of something is not right in the picture. The location of the sun and the angle of the shadow on the land below do not correspond with each other. The area where its brightest above the Angels finger can real represent God or the Heavens above.The sun should be more towards our left in front of the characters where the light shines on the tree and the characters. alike the branches and the angle of this painting show that it is pointing to the westward. I can only conclude that the reason to pointing to t he West has to do something with the sun rising in the West and setting in the East.Even the Angel and the lamb are aspect to the West while Abraham and Isaac is the only one in the picture spirit to the East. In conclusion, I can speculate from the details in the painting that it interprets the biblical text of the Lord testing Abraham to sacrifice his own son. This painting exhibits a theme of fear. Abraham fears the Lord and so he chooses to pursue Gods command by free will. Isaac displays fear in his facial expression but does not struggle for his life.

Challenges of Ecotourism in Antarctica Essay

south-polara is one of the largest and most sparse milieus on earth. It is r atomic number 18 and unique, and few people get the opportunity to visit much(prenominal) an extraordinary place. polaras unique environment and climate sets it apart from some(prenominal) antithetic tourist destinations. However, the hostile wilderness creates m any(prenominal) challenges for eco touristry. in that respect is a occupy regarding the superior concentration of tourists and their environmental impress at the few set down sites available. The real debate is whether tourism can get, or threaten the saving of Antarctica.Ecotourism, in its early historical origins has been closely linked to nature orient tourism. For example, Laarman and Durst, in reference to ecotourism, defined it as a nature tourism where a operateer is interested and drawn to a destination because of its features and vivid history. The visit combines education, recreation, and often adventure (Laarman and D urst 19875). Defining ecotourism is not easily done, difficulties delimitate it be mainly due to the multidimensional nature of the definitions, and the fact that for each one(prenominal) dimension involved represents a continuum of possibilities (Blamey 1997).The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as responsible travel to natural domain of a functions, which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people (Western 19938). Ceballos-Lascurain (1987 14) defines ecotourism as traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specialised objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas. The tourism pains of Antarctica is often all overlooked as a factor of environmental degradation.It is authoritative that more than attention is drawn to assessing the stream state of this large continent. Beck (1 994) states that, tourists, scientists, and other visitors to Antarctica have tremendous environmental impacts. Tourist shipping can give an environmental risk, and there is good reason for concern. There have been some(prenominal)(prenominal) marine accidents in upstart years. There was the case of an Argentinean supply watercraft Bahia Paraiso, which ran a ground on January 28, 1989, spilling 600 metric tones of fuel into Antarcticas primary waters (Culver 1991). Other environmental impacts include engine emissions that contribute to circularise pollution.The noise generated from outboard motors on inflatable zodiacs, turbulence created from tourist ships and the colourise water sewage they emit also creates harmful effects. More office is being demanded out of eco tourists visiting Antarctica. For example Salen Lindblads 164-passenger ship the boundary Spirit has been reinforced, and also contains a sewage treatment plant, refrigerated screw up storage area, and a special storage area for non-biodegradable waste (Cebellos-Lascurain 1996). some other main concern is in the peninsula percentage of Antarctica where there are several highly concentrated, high profile sites.The concentration of tourism activities leads to the potential for over visitation in these areas. A present study of Magellanic penguins demonstrates that gentlemans gentleman impact puts a long amount of stress on the species. Simple man presence can be physiologically stressful for breeding at nest sites (Fowler 1999). The Antarctic environment is very fragile and not use to humans activities. However the study also found that birds exposed to high levels of tourists are not effected over time and concludes that as a result tourism should be concentrated to certain areas while others are kept off limits to human presence.People have been going to Antarctica for over 100 years. Prior to 1950, nearly all trips to Antarctica were either exploratory or scientific expeditions (Ces sford 1997). As a result of human activity in the area there has been a connection with industrial, national and scientific programs. valet de chambre activity has also caused the development of alien microbes, fungi, plants, and animals. These alien species that are in general European in origin exist on most of the triggerman Antarctic islands and some even occur on the continent itself. These species in turn can have both a direct and confirming impact on the Antarctic ecosystem (Fenot 2004).It has only been recently that biologists have conducted any research into diseases of Antarctic wildlife to note the effects of human activity. These studies look at marine mammals and penguins for bacteria flora and pathogens (disease causing organisms). Blood tests for antibodies of a regeneration of species have also been taken to check for viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic disease. A study conducted in the summer time of year of 2000/2001, Dr. Todhunter and Dr. Terris took swa b collections of specimens from passengers boots aboard the Kapitan Khlebnikov, which guide to tentative findings of a wide range of potential pathogens.In some other study 233 fecal samples from 8 bird species were taken from 6 different penguin colonies, which are regularly visited by tourists. The samples were investigated for pathogens of potential human origin. No human related bacteria were found, which suggests that the tourism industry in the Antarctic region has achieved its goal of not introducing any pathogens so far. While the tourist season only ranges from October to April, currently tourism in Antarctica involves over 30 agencies, and 40,000 tourists per annum (Lambert 2005). Antarctica is the net destination for anyone interested in natural history, but it also challenges the uniform people that visit to think just about our responsibilities to all life on earth (Lambert 2005). Tourists to Antarctica are most likely to fall in to the form of eco tourist, as the re are no restaurants, theaters or art galleries, and the determine is about learning about and viewing one of the earths last untouched continents. Boo (1990) states that for preservation management to succeed, tourism moldiness be a tool to educate thus creating real benefits for a geological location.Although tourism and human contact on Antarctica is showing some negative impacts, it has also encouraged conservation efforts in the region. Another clapperclaw towards the recognition of potential environmental impact is the creation of the IATTO (International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators). In 1991 seven tour operators active in Antarctica create IATTO. It was created to act as a single organization. The goal of IATTO is to promote and fare safe environmentally responsible private-sector travel to the Antarctic. Currently there are 80 member organizations representing 14 countries. IATTO 2008) This environmental protocol designates Antarctica as a natural reserve de voted to peace and science and seeks to ensure human activities, such as tourism, have no adverse effects on the Antarctic environment, or on its scientific and aesthetic values. With a recent outgrowth in the number of members in the IAATO it shows that companies are becoming more aware of the environmentally sensitive concerns related to Antarctica and the importance of such an organization. The increase in membership does not necessarily mean that there has been a drastic increase in the number of tourists visiting Antarctica.All current Antarctica tour operators file yearly environmental impact assessments to their national authorities. There are few places on earth that have never been to war, where the environment is fully protected and scientific research has priority over anything else. (IAATO 2008) The Antarctic treaty can be accredited with the successful protection of Antarctica. create on June 23, 1961 the treaty covers the area south of 60 degrees latitude and consist s of 46 countries. Its objectives are simple and unique, demilitarize Antarctica and make it a zone excuse of nuclear tests, and disposal of radioactive waste.As well as be used for peaceful purposes only (IAATO 2008). To promote multinational cooperation in the Antarctic and set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty. The treaty parties meet each year and have adopted over 300 recommendations and negotiated separate international agreements, of which 3 are still in use. These include 1. The convention for the conservation of Antarctic seals which was established in 1972. 2. The convention for conservation of Antarctica marine life story resources established in 1980. 3. The protocol on Environmental protection to the Atlantic accord established in 1991.These agreements and the original treaty provide the rules to grade all activities in relation to Antarctica. Collectively known as the Antarctica Treaty System (ATS). In conclusion it is apparent that Antarctica is a very fragile environment, and any kind of human involvement can pose great risks if the correct precautions are not taken. It is clear to me that eco tourism can benefit the great continent of Antarctica, those visiting become ambassadors as they learn about the importance of preservation. Boo (1990) explains that tourists become emotionally attached to an area and leave contribute funds to preserve it.It is important for organizations like the IAATO to continue their promotional material of safe and environmentally responsible travel to the Antarctic. Continued research is required to make sure that tourists as well as scientists leave as little of a human footprint as possible. Antarctica is a fair place on earth, and I believe that when people are enlightened about their impact on such a vulnerable area and regulations are put in place to protect the area that everyone should be able to experience the Antarctic continent in all of its magnificence.

Jean Watson theory Essay

Jean Watsons Philosophy of NursingNUR/403-Theories and Models of Nursing class periodAugust 9th, 2010IntroductionJean Watsons theories of oversee for are submissive in todays structure of care for. Watsons theories are be practiced in various substanti eachyness care setting on the whole over the world. unrivalled of these theories in the nursing process. This entails first assessing tolerant, planning, intervention and evaluation. thither is multitude of research proving these theories to be powerful in dole outing and touch sensation for for patients with this logical ascend. In this paper I will dissect her different carative factors knowledge competent and that is beingness practiced. I will discuss different modelings of Watsons theories of lovingness and its application. This will depict the level of importance and how valuable this approach for certain is. Nursing is also being based on more scientific approaches that Watsons bases approximately of her theories. This is consistent with the changing nature of the philosophy of apprehension and history, and the numerous methods for the advancing knowledge of nursing. Watson (1999)Watsons TheoriesWatsons research is more foc habitd on the sympathize with aspect of it all. Caring is viewed as the clean ideal of nursing where there is utmost concern for tender-hearted hauteur and preservation of humanity as stated by Watson (1999). This focal head teacher of her theory is the foundation in the experience of nursing. Watson believed the center idea for nursing are based on various carative factors. These factors include humanistic- altruistic values, taxonomical use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision devising, gratification of human needs, progress of inter soulfulnessal teaching and learning. They also include qualities such as predisposition to self and others, the need to instill assent and hope, creating trusting relationships, and promoting acceptance , positive touchs, making provisions for a supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical, socio- cultural and spiritual surround. Watson, J., & international ampere Foster, R. (2003).One imperative factor is the development of different trans one-on-oneal caring relationship. This is the concept of schoolmaster involvement with the participation of matchlesss entire self, using both(prenominal) dimension of a person as a resource in the professional relationship, This depicts a special kind of human caring relationship, a connection with another person, in high regard for the whole person and their sense of being. gentlemans gentleman care vexs when the think of enters the space or stadium of another person, and is able to detect the other persons condition, spiritually and emotionally, and can feel this condition within themselves, and responds in a stylus which the recipient feels open enough to convey and share those feelings longing or needed to be shared. (W atson, 1999). She believed that nurses should have and also further develop an approach of humanism, simply being able to convey common human feelings.Her teachings proves that effective caring promotes health in each mortal and their well being. contributory to health is also what a persons perception of health is, as states by Watson, (1999). Watson believed that everything around us should be conducive to our wellbeing, whether it being creating a wholesome environment or nursing to our specific needs. For example just simply being in a clean environment can improve a persons boilersuit sense modality and thus enhancing chances for recovery. The act showing compassion and empathy is also pertinent to for whizz to achieve wellness. In follow egress, just the aboveboard act of smiling conveys the feeling of caring. Cara (2003). For example, upon assessing a patient, just greeting them with a untoughened smile with locate eye contact can be a nourishing feeling. It conveys sincerity and starts the process of a trusting nurse-patient relationship.Cultivating sensitivity to singleself and to others.This carative factor explores wizards ability to self assess as well assessing others. This explores the need of the nurse to feel or to begin to feel an emotion as it presents itself. If virtuosos own feelings arent properly developed or one does not know how to channel their own feelings, showing sensitivity to others may not be very successful. These feelings should be developed for one to act with others on a genuinely sensitive level. Showing sensitivity among one another creates a higher level of functioning within transpersonal relationships. Watson (2009). An experience I had with a patient comes to mind. A young man admitted to the hospital with multiple infections. He is observed to be very rude, sarcastic and shows a very negative attitude towards himself and his care providers. Upon receiving report about the patient, I felt reluctant i n caring for him.The nurse stated he was unappreciative, obnoxious, demanding, and seemed very bitter. Upon greeting him and physically assessing him, I was cautious to thet kinds of questions I asked him. I was especially cautioushow I asked any questions and also my tone of voice. Upon making convinced(predicate) he had all his comforts and all requests were met I offered to share with him some details about my life. He listened keenly and I felt his interest. concisely after, he started sharing with me very personal details of his life as well. As Watson (1999) explained, nurses should spend uninterrupted time with your patients, comm however referred to as caring moments. He was depressed from being in and out of the hospital every other week. He was impertinently married and had a newborn baby, which he never got to spend time with or was able to help baffle care of. That quickly gave me insight to why he had such a negative disposition and also enlightened me to the sensit ive pith in which he needed to cared with.Self awareness and actualization is an key dowry in having meaningful intrapersonal relationships. We should all strive to become more sensitive. This makes us as nurses, more authentic, evoking self growth and awareness to others.The nurse promotes health along with a higher level of functioning when meaningful person to person relationships are created.Humanistic/Altruistic systemThese values begin at a very early age in human beings. These are from shared experiences and lessons taught by ones parents or the environment. Altruism is a altruistic concern for the wellness of others. If one is really selfless in a humanistic manner, it comes from a place of sincerity. Individuals sometimes give of themselves hoping to astound in return but the true approach which Watson teaches wishes nothing in return. Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). Ones ability to be altruistic is also  bloodsucking on the level of selflessness. For example, working with ill and sometimes demanding patients day in and day out, one can become weary and can feel no need to go the extra mile for the small comfort of an individuals need. For example, a individual comes in the hospital newly diagnosed with a fatal illness.The patient comes into the hospital alone, he is poorly attired and does not seem to take very good care of himself hygienically. He does not requests much help. Even when in pain he did not ask for any pain medication. Upon doing my general assessment, it was easy to assess him emotionally as well. He had no family members with him for any support needed. He was puny from the disease process, he just could no longer take care of himself as he normally does. I thoughtlessly help him to get shaved and washed up before getting comfortable in bed. I also lent a listening ear as I asked him necessary questions about his health. I knew having someone help me out in this manner would make a difference in how I felt, so automati cally and selflessly I did the same for him. If there is anything I am able to do for others that takes nothing but a simple effort, then I think the gratitude should be from bringing comfort and mirth where needed. This philosophy of offering selflessness to others is pivotal in the nursing role.Establishing a assist and trusting relationship.This factor in nursing has been in use for decades. The element of nursing and trust cannot be divided. Watson believed that different modes of communication establishes plangency and brings forth a caring relationship. She believed in the dynamics associated with a helping trust relationship, congruence, empathy and warmth. This means coming together in agreement, being able to put yourself in ones shoes and showing compassion.Communication varies from verbal to sign-language(a) ways of conveying messages and feelings. This includes actively listening in a warm manner that connotes empathetic understanding. As nurses we must especially li sten to the demands of our patients no matter how big or small the need is. It is especially important to deliver on insures to patients. As it is often stated, it is better to under promise and over deliver. As simple as promising a patient to get them a meal and delivering it in a timely manner is a key example for building and maintaining a trusting relationship. assent/hopeThe faith and hope factor can be a sensitive area when providing care. To many, It essential for patients to maintain a level of faith and hope. When a patient has nothing else to hold on to in the find process, having faith and being hopeful helps them to hold on to life. This is based on each individuals belief and their perception of faith and hope, as well as the nurses understanding. I believe one has to properly assess the individual to whom this advice is being offered. This is imperative to know how well it will be accepted. It also depends on ones cultural background. We should all be aware and be wishful of each individuals beliefs and limitations.As stated by Suliman, Welmann, Omer & Thomas (2009), respect is easily acquired until there is a disagreement with what is recommended, at this point respecting the opponent persons choice becomes complex. In the instance that a patient or an individual can no longer rely on modern scholarship for comfort it help to be able to hold on to your thoughts and beliefs otherwise known as hope. When a patient is given a cobblers last sentence from a disease process this may be the only thing that brings some peace of mind. For someone to look to you for your opinion at such a vulnerable moment in life means to me that my job is important to say the least. I have had different opportunities to cautiously assess my patient and their life situations. This gave me the chance to divulge my opinions in the surmount acceptable manner suitable to my patients understanding.ConclusionWatsonss theories has personally broadened my horizons pe rsonally and professionally. Researching her theories and concepts of nursing has given me immense insight on how to view and treat my patients in various situations. I find that her concept of caring is truly what the core element of nursing should be, or as she states it is the true core group of nursing.Watson, J. (1999).The nursing concepts developed by Watson have been tried and proven both professionally and personally. She provides many useful concepts for the overall practice of nursing and the overall element of proving care for any individual. Watson ties together common theories in nursing education and thus the caring approach entity emerged. These carative factors can be apply in any level of health care settings. It gives simple focussing to nursing and provides for better and more quality patient outcomes. Her approach unites all humanistic entities of the mind, body, and spirits for this caring, unique realm of nursing. Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003).***** ********* References** Cara, C. (2003). A matter-of-fact view of Jean Watsons caring theory. International Journal for Human Caring, 7(3), 51-61. * * Suliman, W., Welmann, E., Omer, T., & Thomas, L. (2009). Applying Watsons NursingTheory to Assess Patient Perceptions of Being Cared for in a Multicultural Environment. Journal of Nursing Research (Taiwan Nurses Association), 17(4), 293-300. ** Watson, J. (1999). Nursing Human science and human care, a theory of nursing. Sunbury, MA NLN Press, Jones and Bartlett * * Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). The attendance Nurse Caring Model integrating theory, evidence and advanced caringhealingtherapeutics for transforming professional practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12(3), 360-365. doi10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00774.x.

Project Appraisal And Risk

PROJECT APPRAISAL AND perilQ1. Risk &type A Uncertainty is an important part to be considered before any puts enthronement appraisal. Select the grant option which relates to either Risk or Uncertainty. (HA)It is quantitative RISK UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the projects animateness increases RISK UNCERTAINTYIt is difficult to assign probabilities RISK UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the variability of returns increases RISK UNCERTAINTY(2 marks)Q2. Cipher Co. plans to buy a refreshing automobile which bequeath produce judge gross sales of 110,000 social units per yr. Each unit can be sold for $15 per unit. The project is expected to end for five geezerhood. The project NPV is $1780. The company profit tax one year in arrears at an annual rate of 30% per year. Calculate the esthesia of the new machine to a change in change set using the cost of capital of 11%.4%4.4%4.7%5%(2 marks)Q3. Calculate the sensitivity of selling price? The following information to be usedinvestment fund s in family 0 $30,000, gross sales passel 200 units per annum all(prenominal) costing $200, Variable cost $50/unit & antiophthalmic factor come up Fixed cost $6000 per annum. The project life is estimated to be three years with the cost of capital of 10%. (MCQ)30.5%29.8%25%15%(2 marks)Q4. Select the impound strength & international ampere weaknesses for sensitivity analysis according to the statements. (HA)It identifies crucial areas for the mastery of the project susceptibility WEAKNESSIt provides information which allows steering to make subjective judgments authorisation WEAKNESSIt is not an optimizing proficiency STRENGTH WEAKNESSIt assumes that changes to variables can be made on an separate basis STRENGTH WEAKNESS(2 marks)Q5. Calculate the sensitivity of contribution? The following information to be usedInvestment in Year 0 $60,000, Sales volume 600 units per annum each costing $125, Variable cost $10/unit & Total Fixed cost $4000 per annum, the Tax rate is 20% pull up stakes and be applicable on taxable cash flows & capital allowances are to be ignored. The project life is estimated to be two years with the cost of capital of 8%. (MCQ)45.4%41.8%33.2%30.6%(2 marks)Q6. Dmitri is contemplating purchasing a machine for $275,000 which he will use to produce 50,000 units per year for five years. These products selling price is $10/unit and variable costs are expected to be $6/unit. Incremental fixed costs will be $70,000 every year for production & $25,000 every year for selling and dispersion. Petra has a required rate of return of 10% per annum. By how galore(postnominal) units must the estimate of production and sale volume fall for the project to be regarded as not worthwhile? (MCQ)2,8756,4658,11512,315(2 marks)Q7. Zulu Co. is considering to invest in a project costing $20,000, the amount is payable at the start of the offset printing year of operation. The estimated future cash flows & its probabilities are apt(p) on a low er floor Year 1 The fork over apprise of cash flow ($) Probabilities17,500 0.7211,700 0.2(5,000) 0.08Year 2The present care for of cash flow ($) Probabilities23,000 0.65(3,500) 0.35Calculate the total expected value? (MCQ) $23,700$14,540$13,725$8,265(2 marks)Q8. An individual uses expected value on the assumption to (MCQ)Reduce risk for a given level of returnMaximize return for a given level of riskReduce risk disregardless of the level of returnMaximize return irrespective of the level of risk(2 marks)Q9. Which of the following TWO are disadvantages of judge value? (MRQ)Relatively simple calculationIgnores variability of payoffsDeals with multiple outcomesThe solution is only a long-run average (2 marks)Q10. Using numeric models, it produces a distribution of the possible outcomes from the project using multiple uncertain variables. Choose the appropriate Technique. (MCQ)SimulationRisk-adjusted discount ratesAdjusted paybackExpected value(2 marks)PROJECT APPRAISAL AND RISK (ANSWERS)Q1. It is Quantifiable RISK Increases as the projects life increases UNCERTAINTYIt is difficult to assign probabilities UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the variability of returns increases RISKQ2. ASelling Price = 110,000 $15 = $165, 0000Annuity federal agent 11% (1 5 years) = 3.696Annuity Factor 11% (1 6 years) = 4.231 give notice Factor 11% (Year 1) = 0.901Annuity Factor 11% (2 6 years) = 4.231 0.901 = 3.33Year 1-5 Tax rate Year 2-6 Cash flow 1650,000 30% 495,000 Annuity 3.696 3.33 Selling Price later tax 6098,400 164,8350 445,0050Sensitivity = (1,780 445, 50050) cytosine = 4%Q3. Years Cash flow ($) bank discount Factor (10%) Present value ($)Investment 0 (30,000) 1 (30,000)Sales Revenue 1-3 40,000 2.487 99,480Variable hail 1-3 (10,000) 2.487 (24,870)Fixed Cost 1-3 (6,000) 2.487 (14,922)NPV 29,688Selling Price = (29,688 99,480) 100 = 29.8%Q4. It identifies crucial areas for the success of the project STRENGTH It provides information which allows management to m ake subjective judgments STRENGTH It is not an optimizing technique WEAKNESSIt assumes that changes to variables can be made independently WEAKNESSInformation will be presented to management in a form which facilitates subjective judgment to decide the likelihood of the various possible outcomes considered.It is not an optimizing technique. It does not point directly to the settle decision.It assumes that changes to variables can be made independently, e.g. raw material costs will change independently of other variables. This is highly unlikely.Q5. CYears Cash flow ($) Discount Factor (8%) Present value ($) After Tax Present value ($) Investment 0 (60,000) 1 (60,000) (60,000)Sales Revenue 1-2 75,000 1.783 133,725 106,980Variable Cost 1-2 (6,000) 1.783 (10,698) (8,558)Fixed Cost 1-2 (4,000) 1.783 (7,132) (5,706)NPV 55,895 32,716Contribution = (32,716 106,980 8,558) 100 = 33.2%Q6. CYear Cash flow ($) Discount factor (10%) Present Value ($)Machine 0 (275,000) 1 (275,000)Contributio n 1-5 200,000 3.791 758,200Fixed cost 1-5 (95,000) 3.791 (360,145)NPV 123,055PV of contribution must fall by $123,055 Sales volume must fall by $123,055 758,200 = 16.23% Fall in sales volume = 0.1623 50,000 = 8,115Q7. DYear 1 Present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities Expected value ($)17,500 0.72 12,60011,700 0.2 2,340(5,000) 0.08 (400)14,540Year 2The present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities Expected value ($)23,000 0.65 14,950(3,500) 0.35 (1,225)13,725(14,540 + 13,725) 20,000 = 8,265Q8. DThe Expected Value is the weighted average of all the possible outcomes, with the weightings establish on the probability estimates. This is specifically used to maximize the shareholders wealth liquid ecstasy of any risk assumptions.Q9.Relatively simple calculation (Advantage)Ignores variability of payoffs (Disadvantage)Deals with multiple outcomes (Advantage)The answer is only a long-run average (Disadvantage)Q10. AThe simulation uses a mathematical model, it produces a distribution of the possible outcomes from the project using multiple uncertain variables.

Pennsylvania Organization Essay

The over all told initiative to make up equity and accompaniment in humans genteelnessal institutions in papa brought rough the institution of the uncorrupted Schools protactinium Organization (GSP). Since its creation, the government activity has underg maven many a(prenominal) changes and lobbied for the creation of an surround wherein burning(prenominal) actors and command coincides with the require of the growing assimilator population. These struggles brought about spick-and-span trends wherein it both opened up avenues for change to progress and encourage vernal parameters wherein goals and objectives atomic number 18 integrated with mandated defyards.Recognizing the germane(predicate) contribution that GSP has through to the citizenry and target group, this proffer aims to increasingly widen the might of the organization to address student necessitate. The confirming programs for 2010 under leash (3) categories seeks to heighten the advancement wher ein it both looks into the possibilities and scenarios that whitethorn happen during that time and appropriating the needed strategies that provoke intensify the needed outcomes for change.Likewise, by allowing these diverse program alternatives, it seeks to compensate the loopholes that whitethorn be associated in the process of planning, implementation and facilitation. At the same time, these proposals take into thoughtfulness the needs of all germane(predicate) actors who serve as potence members and bene calculates in the success of the initiatives of GSP. By taking into account the relevance of these people, GSP jakes increase its arm in reaching out and fostering the commitment towards association building and empowerment.Such ideals clearly allows each parties to recognize their individual capabilities in the process of participation With all of these, the organizers seek to intensify the efforts given by GSP. It is in this light that the organization offer remain com mitted in addressing the increasing challenges and trends of 21st century learning. I. Introduction and Background The pursuit for creating an environment for equal opportunities among students via appropriate delegation and funding has been the integral foundation for the creation of the Good Schools protoactinium.Since its inception in 2001, the organization has continued to recognize the needs of students by do sure students in the district get the sufficient and quality teaching needed to jock them combat the trends of todays society (Good Schools Pennsylvania, 2008). These efforts have paved the counsel for new alternatives in addressing prevalent education and opened up arenas for every actor in the community to take part in the process of collabo ration and change. Looking at it, the initiative of Good Schools Pennsylvania GSP puke be described in atomic number 53 sentence.It involves seeking new ship endureal wherein legislators provide equitable funding in pub lic education to ensure that students get the quality of education they need and foster increased function and responsibility among actors involved in the process (Good Schools Pennsylvania, 2008). With these renewed interest in seeking outcomes for unwrapment in cipher appropriation and education, it has opened up the door for greater cooperation among the fix and the integration of vibrant members who have paved the way for the organizations growth.Dwelling only, the role of the GSP is to encourage organizers to come up with new approaches that commode motivate different sectors of society to come up and take the stand towards achieving equal education for all. Good Schools Pennsylvania argues that among the constituents who have stood with us are students and retirees, clergy and lay leaders, parents and teachers, school board members and superintendents, and business and civic leaders (p. 1).With these keep initiatives to seek out new members who are committed towards cha nging the aim of education of Pennsylvania, the GSP has been vibrant in addressing the needs of public education in the community. Realizing these relevant objectives of the organization, it greatly coincides with our purpose to find alternatives that can strengthen and mend the capability of GSP to facilitate and clamor for new ways to increase accountability and equity in public education.By elaborating on several new strategies and outlining them in three possible scenarios, our group can maximize the potential of GSP and implement the new ideas that can expand the scope of practice, intensify efforts for commitment, and be adaptive to the verbalises authentic trends. II. Research For the initiative in 2010 to be completely make upd, it is essential that the organizers understand and comprehend the developments happening inside the GSP.Under this facet, we need to know the truths surrounding education and the current legislation that outlines public education funding. This is relevant because it helps us integrate new policies in-line with unique(predicate) standards and objectives mandated by law. another(prenominal) probative element that needs to be considered is the embody of study in Pennsylvania. Its importance revolves somewhat the capability to make budget estimates in proposed initiatives to combat-readyly create adequate funding to support and help students in public education.Lastly, there needs to be an understanding on what programs are in place that the GSP provides the citizenry. By synthesizing these programs, it can create an alive(p) environment wherein it can be changed, renewed or developed to cortege the needs of members, potential members and target contributors. Dwelling into the first facet, it can be seen that Pennsylvania has undergone several legislative changes that had improved the way budget is allocated. This has been brought about by the realities and scenarios that public education has faced in the region.Good S chools Pennsylvania argues that in 2005, nearly 50 percent of Pennsylvanias 11th graders scored below proficient in math and 35 percent of 11th grade students scored below proficient in reading on the carrys standardized tests (p. 2) At the same time, there has been disparities in the way schools have been addressing the way they had adhered to the objectives mandated by NCLB of 2001. Likewise, these statistics in any case denote increased insecurity among students of getting pregnant, imprisoned or engaging into substance abuse (Good Schools Pennsylvania, 2006).In response to this, the government has adopted several policies and amendments that sought to address these realities. For example, in 2004, Governor Rendell appropriated funding for the first time to support early puerility education both through the first ever state funding to expand the General Head Start pre-kindergarten program, and through an Accountability ingurgitate Grant Program that allowed school district s to target money to educational practices with a huge track record of helping students to achieve academic standards (p. 3).This has been considered a first step towards realizing the states role in pursuing public education that is equitable and responsible in nature. Another fundamental change was make in 2006 when a formal budget was introduced and implemented together with a defining the cost associated with public education. Good Schools Pennsylvania mentions that the 2006-2007 budget includes a first-time appropriation of $650,000 to fund a comprehensive study of the educational resources and associated be of providing each student an education that is line with academic standards (p.3). These have been real because it can address an equal measurement of how much student needs in order to dynamicly achieve education under mandated standards. operating(a) on the second element, it is crucial to decipher the numbers associated with public education because it can determine the budget that shall be allocated per district depending on the ratio and student population within a particular proposition area. Looking at the current research, considerable development has been seen in determining the costing-out study of Pennsylvanian students.Good Schools Pennsylvania mentions that by understanding these costs the state can go under its funding system to close the gap between high-spending and low-spending school districts (p. 1). Upon elaborated consideration and research, it sees that for a student to actively achieve the given state standards, an average amount of $11, 926 must be provided (Good Schools Pennsylvania, 2007). This formula has been instrumental in determining the appropriation needed to sustain the further needs of students.Lastly, spirit at the projects GSP is engaged in, it can be argued that they comprise of different models gear towards addressing the needs of its target audiences. These initiatives center on (1) engaging into legislat ive sensory faculty and debate, (2) fostering community involvement, and (3) speaking out in different ways possible (Good Schools Pennsylvania, 2007). These three main facets cover a myriad of initiatives and programs that outlines the large arenas wherein each actor can actively take part.By allowing and desegregation these diverse ways of addressing the issue of public education and funding, each one can contribute and provide help in each ones capacity. comprehend all these facets, the development of 2010 programs revolve around intensifying on these three relevant ideas. though these findings have been supplemental in carrying out objectives in the previous years, it is also necessary that further studies be conducted on these issues. This is relevant because it can seek to determine the potential challenges that public education may face amidst these new developments.For example, the formula for computing the cost of student may change over a point in time of a year for it is dependent on factors such as inflation, increasing expenditures, and other elements that are relevant to its computation. That is why further research on these topics remains to be an important concern to consider. III. Opposition Research It can be seen that the GSP has made evidentiary progress since its inception in creating the consensus about creating drastic changes in the legislative level as far as addressing public education is concerned.though this may prove to be a valid analysis, there are still setbacks that continue to hinder the organization from functioning according to its prescribed goals and objectives. Seeing this, it is essential that the organization recognize its shortcomings and try to incorporate new methods to increase the possibility of adapting to the trends of 21st century education. Looking at one institutional obstacle that hinders its capabilities is the presence of other organizations that have the same objectives and purpose.Though at a glan ce this may seem to be instead significant in further elaborating the needs of public education in Pennsylvania, it also denotes the limited functions associated with GSP. Being unable to synchronize its relevant goals and actions towards its counterparts would stiff alienating itself with the potential of further collaboration and cooperation. Examples of these institutions that cater the same agenda as the GSP include Education Law Center and ACCESS. These institutions in dig have overlapping objectives and ideals that are similar and related to the stand eyeshade of GSP.Another setback that is relevant in the GSP is its dependency on contributors and benefactors. make up if its members had shown significant improvement and effort through the years in gaining potential donors, it cannot contract its existence primarily on this. They must have a significant support and foundation that will make them adaptable even in times of little contribution or monetary support. By allowin g this scenario to occur, they shall not solely depend on these contributions but can continue to develop on new ways in continuing to promote its specific goals and objectives.Recognizing the setback in the previous section, it can be also sight that GSP is also susceptible to economic downturns. Since its continued existence revolved around contributions among benefactors, having a slow economy can slow and hamper its capability of recognizing its objectives. Seeing this, the organization has to constantly double its efforts and adapt new strategies that can intensify and implement new approaches for change. Similarly, during these periods of slowdown, the organization refocuses its approach and center on programs that creates limited budget but with increasing results.Such case alone results in a limited scope in both masking and practice. IV. Our Plan After reviewing the relevant history and studies associated with GSP, it is now relevant to point out and outline the scope an d objectives for the plan in 2010. Among the core elements of this proposal is to (1) Effectively get our message out to prospective and current members as well as potential contributors in the community, (2) facilitate active discourse among different parties and (3) Intensify the efforts brought about by the Who-Ville Presentation.These three objectives can be recognized and incorporated by including them within the scope and parameters of each undertake initiative. Under these specific objectives, the proposal shall outline detailed ways wherein these approaches can be realized and achieved. In the first objective, it seeks to cater on ways wherein advertising can be made and integrating the cause and how it can contribute to the needs of the organization. While on the second facet, it outlines the communicative patterns that can maximize the potential of each project and provides new approaches that can realize the specified goals and objectives.The last part deals with seekin g new opportunities that will further recognize the contribution of Who-Vile in addressing the needs of todays public education as well as the tenets promoted by GSP. With these objectives in place, the bordering part involves pointing out several programs that can be applied in the year 2010. Under this framework, three proposals shall be given and denoted by the current trends present in the target year. These include (1) period of net gain, (2) period of stasis, and (3) period of net loss.The formation of these three initiatives is one important cyclorama to make the program feasible in any scenario that the state may face during the prescribed year. At the same time, it moves to adapt to the existing trends that may come along in the selected time frame. The formulation of these three facets can minimize the setbacks that may be incurred in the timeline provided. Good School Pennsylvania (GSP) is a non-profit organization that is based upon rank and file as well as the employ ment of competent personnel that fit the requirements of the specific position of the ruminate that they are looking for.In relation to this, GSP is also regarded as a grassroots campaign that is affiliated with other non-governmental organizations such as the unexclusive Education Network, the National Council of Churches, and the Childrens Defense Fund, and the Childrens Defense Fund. Even though GSP is not regarded as an organization that is solely based upon membership, this factor still plays an important role in its overall operation. The GSP has an active membership as they have devised many ways by which people all over the state could be able to participate in the attainment of the organizations objectives.Some of the means that the organization implemented in order to do work the people participate is by convincing to take action by writing to their legislators, speaking out through various mediums like essays and flick contest, and by connecting to their community t hat could help in furthering the cause of GSP (Good Schools Pennsylvania). Active membership in this organization involves helping in the offices throughout the state. GSP need active volunteers that would help them with mailings, database maintenance, and other administrative functions.In connection to these, the organization also benefit a lot from members that could help them in the next physical body of their work, which involves sustaining and expanding the state policy reforms with regards to enhancing the quality and equality of education among the students in Pennsylvania. Furthermore, active members also entail aiding them in supporting the local stakeholders in making various schools accountable in the equal and effective distribution and habit of resources (Good Schools Pennsylvania).