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Rape And Sexual Assault Case - 810 Words

who commit a sexual offence while 90% are women who are the victims to above-mentioned assault (Brennan Taylor-Butts, 2008: 10). Moreover, most of the sexual assaults go unreported, but the ones that do get reported, less than half of them get a conviction. If only 10 % of sexual assaults are reported, from that 10%, only 1 in 4 get convicted for their crimes (Butt, 2013). A study done in Winnipeg in the mid-1970s showed that more than 70% of charges were filtered out of the criminal justice system, 20% were reduced to lesser charges, and only 10% of original charges resulted in convictions (Gunn Minch, 1988). A sexual assault or even a sexual relationship between two consenting adults is a very hidden act; meaning most of the time there could be no other witness or little hard evidence. In this situation, the testimony of the victim is very crucial for the prosecution of a sexual assault case (Walsh, 1987: 1129). There are many external and internal barriers that could discourage the victim from proceeding to convict the accused for his crimes. External barriers such as, the formal atmosphere in the courtroo m during the trial; victims could be intimidated by the rigid rules; reliving the horrific experience and facing the assailant; or the court trial may come at a time when the victim has begun to move on (Best Practices, 2013: 61). Furthermore, internal barriers such as myths and gender stereotypes could also demotivate the victim from testifying in court against theShow MoreRelatedAcquaintance Rape And The College Social Scene1595 Words   |  7 PagesAcquaintance Rape and the College Social Scene In Acquaintance â€Å"Rape and the College Social Scene,† the authors, Sally K. Ward, Kathy Chapman, Ellen Cohn, Susan White and Kirk Williams, main purpose was to report on a study they performed of the cases of sexual assaults at a specific college campus. The article provides estimates of the rate of acquaintance rape, recounting the situations surrounding the acquaintance rape, and people working toward making policies against this type of aggressionRead MoreLack Of Rape Kits On College Campuses Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pages Lack of Rape Kits on College Campuses A Senior Project Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Waiakea High School In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Senior Project Shania M. Rapoza Public Services Academy Capstone Mr. Joel Wagner-Wright August 23, 2016 Shania Rapoza Joel Wagner-Wright PSA Capstone 23 August 2016 Words: 1273 Lack of Rape Kits on College Campuses â€Å"What is the point of having a national DNA database, if the rapist s DNA is never entered into it?† (â€Å"PatternRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1381 Words   |  6 Pages Sexual assault has been a huge issue for many years on college campuses and universities nation wide. As society has evolved, thoughts on sexual assault have also evolved, becoming more focused on the details of victim treatment than ever before. The topic of sexual assault is debatable and sparks many opinions on weather sexual assault on college campuses is becoming more frequent, or if there is just heightened awareness. Sexual assault can happen to anybody no matter the gender, race, religionRead MoreRape And Sexual Assault Is Becoming A Sheer Problem On College Campuses1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society rape and sexual assault is becoming a sheer problem on college campuses around the United States. It is almost everyday that one hears about a sexual assault or rap e case happening at a college, and sometimes its at the college that one attends or ones child attends. With this becoming a world renown problem, it can be a very scary thing for not only the students at college but also for the families of college students. To be more specific when it comes to who is starting to commitRead MoreRape Culture Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesRape culture is prevalent on all college campuses, and many fail to realize this and what rape culture is. It is in the party scene, athletics, in dorm rooms, and everywhere else around campus. It is the acceptance of sexual jokes, saying â€Å"she was asking for it because of what she was wearing,† not taking sexual assault seriously, and so much more. Rape Culture is an environment in which rape is prevalent and in which sexual violence against women is normalized and excused in the media and popularRead MoreRape Among Americans : Rape1220 Words   |  5 PagesRape Among Americans Rape is a violent crime that involves forcing sexual acts on a person. Sexual assault is a serious problem and should be stopped. It can happen to anyone: no one is safe. Every one out of six Americans are raped each year. This includes men,women,and children. Some people believe that rape isn’t a prominent problem, but statistics show it occurs more frequently than we could ever imagine. Rape and its forms Although it all falls under the general topic of rape, there are differentRead MoreThe Importance Of Rape1389 Words   |  6 PagesConsidered one of the most heinous crimes—rape. Rape is so widespread in our society it has morphed into a culture. Rape culture refers to the normalization of sexual violence. Unfortunately, the beliefs and attitudes of society have led to the perpetuation of rape culture. Some consider the idea of rape culture ridiculous and an overstatement. Sadly, it is not. Consequently, rape culture is so ingrained in our society that we rarely notice it. It is there every time the victim gets blamedRead MoreThe Rape Kits Should Not Be Tested1164 Words   |  5 PagesWhy Backlogged Rape Kits Should Not Be Tested Imagine being an overworked investigator. More and more cases flood the desks of everyone, even though they are already pushed to their breaking point. Each person tries to handle each case that comes in, but some of these cases have no hope of ever becoming trials. Should not those cases be dropped, so investigators can focus on current cases that need immediate attention? This scenario ensues everyday in not only the offices of police and investigatorsRead MoreThe Rape Myth Embedded Within Society Preventing Women From Gaining Justice Within The Legal System Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor factor that keeps women from achieving gender equality is the many rape myths that are associated with sexual assaults. The rape myths that are deeply embedded within the Canadian legal system and society continues to have a detrimental effect on women. Using the R. v. Ewanchuck case I argue that the rape myths embedded within society prevent women from gaining justice within the legal system. R. v. Ewanchuck is a case about a 17-year-old woman who was sexually assaulted by Steve Brian EwanchuckRead MoreCan Evolution Ever Explain Why Men Rape? Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesmen rape? Why is it considered a societal norm for men to rape women? Rape can be an act of any sexual activity that is carried out using force or threat of injury against the will of a female. It mostly occurs when the victim is underage, incapable of valid consent (i.e. drunk, drugged), or when there is a known perpetrator (i.e. family member, friend). It is unfortunate that some women get raped even when having no affiliations with the perpetrator. Despite a decrease in the reported rape cases

Research On Subjective Experiences Of A Social...

doctoral study proposals. Qualitative researchers focus on subjective experiences of human beings in a social environment, based on individual perspectives (Liamputtong, 2010). Qualitative research deals with interpretive data from natural settings and individual perceptions and experiences (Erlingsson Brysiewicz, 2013). Researchers should be aware of the different experiences of the participants in the study (Erlingsson Brysiewicz, 2013). A qualitative method allows a researcher to assess the qualities of participants’ lived experiences in an inductive process that relates to theory development (Peredaryenko Krauss, 2013). A qualitative method is appropriate for this study because it will help me to become knowledgeable about the experiences, processes, and events of consultants and executives in small retail storefront travel agencies (Bluhm, Harman, Lee, Mitchell, 2011). According to Bettiol et al. (2012), a qualitative method is useful for exploring marketing in bus inesses and understanding business activities in companies. A qualitative method is beneficial in determining how small businesses market products and services (O’Donnell et al., 2011). Quantitative research methods comprise surveys: questionnaires or interviews and experiments: field or laboratory. Surveys are the primary method of quantitative research. Quantitative studies use statistical analysis to determine if significant differences exist between groups (Carpenter, Harding,Show MoreRelatedThe Theoretical Methods Of Quantitative And Qualitative Methods Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe sociologist is interested in understanding the self, other, and social environment, questioning and searching for an interpretation of the common, everyday, and taken for granted. In order to do this, the sociologist needs to apply some form of research and method, however the most successful direction for doing so has been long disputed. Although sociological method has been subject to many different styles and approaches, being constantly updated with new ideas and concepts, this essay willRead MoreResearch Methodology And Philosophical Perspective1452 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Methodology 4. 1 Overview This chapter explains the research method and philosophical perspective that adapted for this study. The chapter discusses how the research objectives will be addressed. The chapter is organized to represent several teams as follows: Section 4.1 introduces a brief about the chapter structure. Section 4.2 explains the philosophical perspective of this research which is approached by using mixed methods (Qualitative and Quantitative methods). Section 4.3 presentsRead MorePositivism And Paradigmatic Approaches979 Words   |  4 PagesThe practice of qualitative research comprises of many different paradigmatic approaches. The main three include positivism, interpretive, and critical approaches. These approaches serve as different ways in which knowledge is socially collected and analyzed. Now, each paradigmatic approach comprises of unique traits, some which are similar to each one another and others that are exclusive to a specific approach. These similarities and differences will be examined below. To begin, the main approachRead MoreThe Theory Of Intellectual Development Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesprogression in regards to information taking care of, computed resources, perceptual capacity, lingo learning, and distinctive parts of emotional wellness and subjective mind science appeared differently in relation to an adult s point of view. So to speak, mental change is the improvement of the ability to think and get it. A broad piece of research has gone into perceiving how a youth imagines the world. Jean Piaget was a significant oblige in the establishment of this field, molding his speculationRead MoreQuantitative vs Qualitative Research Design Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference between the two methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research is that they stem from differing ideas on the nature of ‘reality’. Whereas the quantitative concept of reality is an objective one proven to be true by empirical evidence, qualitative’s concept of ‘reality’ is based on personal perception. Qualitative methodology suggests that as ways of perceiving the would are unique that reality itself is subjective (Alston Bowles, 2012, pp. 12-16). In other words, â€Å"reality is ‘sociallyRead MoreA Qualitative Case Study : An Interpretive Research Paradigm1583 Words   |  7 Pagesconducted under an interpretive research paradigm. From an ontological perspective, unlike the position of the positivist paradigm in which there is the belief that there is only one truth and that objective reality does exist independent of human perception, this study employs the constructivist view of reality and the essence of phenomenon. The constructivists view truth as relative and dependent on one’s perspective. This paradigm â€Å"recognises the importance of the subjective human creation of meaningRead MoreSocial Psychology: The Study of Influences Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagessuch questions for centuries. Although there are many answers (reflected in the number of schools of psychology), Social psychology attempts to explain the environmental factors that lead to a person behavior. By definition, Social Psychology is â€Å"the study of the manner in which the personality, attitudes, motivations, and behavior of the individual influence and are influenced by social groups† (Merriam-Webster, 2013).This school of psychology first explores components that effect emotions, thoughtsRead MoreThe Behavioral Perspective And The Biological Perspective1306 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology is made up of many perspectives, such as, behavioural, biological, cognitive, social, humanistic and finally, psychodynamic. This essay will focus on the behavioural perspective and the biological perspective. According to J Walker (2012) the behavioural perspective is based on behaviourism and is the study of observing behaviour when in certain contexts and events. The biological perspective however, explains behaviour by focusing on the function of the nervous system, genes and the brainRead MoreETHICAL (MORAL) RELATIVISM Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pagesrelativity. In defining relativism, moral principles are a matter of personal feelings and individual preference. As for individual moral relativism, figuring out what is moral and immoral in specific circumstances differs according to the person. On another note, moral relativists have a disbelief in universal truths or common law. This essay will examine and highlight major details about problems surrounding individual moral relativism and cultural moral relativism. It will reflect post-modern and modernRead MoreThe Role Of Meaningful Work On Work Motivation Theories1286 Words   |  6 Pagesit, such as economic outcomes (salary, financial incentives), social status and fulfillment of needs. This had inspired organizational scholars to explore, what motivates one to work, leading to tremendous research on work motivation. Motivation theories can be classified through three predominant approaches (Chalofsky, 2003): 1. Content theories – These theories analyze the motives and underlying drivers of human behavior. It is based on the assumption that main intention behind human behavior is

Rite of Passage Essay - 675 Words

In Conrad Philip Kottak’s â€Å"Rite of Passage† he mentions the three stages of a rite of passage. Anthropologist Arnold Van Gennep defines these stages as Separation, Margin, and Aggregation. Victor Turner, another anthropologist, focused on Margin, which he referred to as liminality. Not only can a rite of passage be an individual experience, but it can also be a communal experience which Turner called â€Å"communitas.† Many of us experience this â€Å"communitas† in different ways such as my Hispanic culture that experiences quinceneras. Quinceneras are a rite of passage for young girls’ transition from adolescence to womanhood. I for one never experienced this rite of passage. In my culture it is traditional for a young girl to go through the†¦show more content†¦As a Latina girl, I grew up thinking I was going to experience the most memorable night of my life once I turned fifteen but that was not the case. At thirteen I knew that once I turned fourteen I needed to start planning everything out a year ahead. It is August 13 and I am officially fourteen and I’m excited because now I can start planning with my mother but she breaks news to me that she can’t afford this rite of passage. At first my only thought was â€Å"I hate this! All my friends are having a quince, why can’t I?† and I remember just loathing the fact that I wasn’t able to have one for quite some time. I understood where my mother was coming from. She was a single mother and was raising two other children other than myself so it must have been hard to say â€Å"No, you can’t have a quince.† She would tell me how much she wishes that she would have thrown the biggest party for my rite of passage. As the year passed me by it gave me time to think and time to realize that it did cost money to throw such a festivity and that it’s not as important as many traditional Latinos see it. All I really needed when I turned fifteen was my family and most of all my mother who raised me to be a reasonable, smart, mature woman. What I learned from this experience was that I didn’t need a big party to know that I made the rite of passage to become a woman; all I needed was those who were close to me, responsibility andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Rites of Passage1580 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Rites of Passage Although there are many different types of rites of passage they differ in many ways, some much more extreme than the others. There are so many different cultures that have a ton of different ways of expressing rites of passage. The three different cultures that will be discussed are the United States of America, Malaysian, and Balinese adolescents. Some of the things that will be discussed are the different forms of rites of passage, the different ages thatRead More Rites of Passage Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesRites of Passage Every day someone enters into a rite of passage whether it be by starting school, a new job, marriage, a confirmation or communion rites of passage are common place. Two totally different cultures have totally different rituals and rites of passage. The Apache would most definitely have incredibly unique rituals compared to rural Maine and the catholic cultures therein. The best way to see the differences is to compare the two different cultures. Each ritual occurs in a holyRead MoreValuables Traditions: Rites of passage 624 Words   |  2 Pagescultures have rites of passage that evolve over time, and these have become harmful to their culture and society. After establishing the difference between helpful and harmful rites of passage, it will be easy to see why they need to be changed. Once these factors have been analyzed, it will be obvious that rites of passage are culturally important, but those that have crossed the line of appropriateness should be modified to restore the benefits of these valuable traditions. Rites of passage that inspireRead MoreRites Of Passage Of The Native Societies2492 Words   |  10 PagesCultures from countries of all around the world understood the importance of the transitional mark of adolescence to manhood. Rites of passage in some cultures are significant in which males are recognized as men after undergoing certain procedures and are conveyed differently; thus it helps them identify who they are in their family and their positions in their societies, as well as what the corresponding responsibilities are. Throughout the human history, there have been a diversity of male initiationRead MoreWomen s Rites Of Passage1791 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Every culture in the world has rites of passage. Whether it be death and dying, birth or a transition from puberty to adulthood, every culture has certain rituals they use to christen these changes in social status within a society. A rite of passage is symbolic in how important a change is in the lives of the people who experience them. Status changes such as these are very important in the eyes of their culture and the ceremonies they produce help them retain stability while theirRead MoreRites Of Passage, Right Or Wrong1720 Words   |  7 PagesRites of Passage, â€Å"Right or Wrong†? Throughout history the term â€Å"rights of passage† has been used to describe the transition of a person into a new stage of their lives. Rites of passage are relevant in every day life all over the world. Most prominently though, Africa has a large population of people whose groups still practice traditional rites of passage to mark special life achievements. Basically, anything meaningful that happens within their tribe such as the birth of a child, the entranceRead MoreRites of Passage: The Journey to Adulthood1126 Words   |  5 PagesRites of Passage: The Journey to Adulthood The dictionary defines rites of passage as ceremonies that mark important transitional periods in a person’s life. It usually involves rituals and teachings that help shed their old roles and prepares them for their new roles. Although all boys and girls will go through a rite of passage to be considered an adult, the path they will take will differ greatly. The common point I have found them all to have is the age range at which this usually occursRead MoreThe Rites of Passage and Liminality Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rites of Passage and Liminality Originally developed by anthropologist Arnold van Gennep in the early 20th century in his book Rites de Passage, the term liminality refers to the concept in which participants are in the threshold stage of disorientation and suspension from the previous social norm that they were used to. When an individual goes through a rite of passage—also coined by van Gennep—he is cut off from his â€Å"old life† and is born again into a new person. However, before he can fullyRead MoreThe Sunrise Dance : A Rite Of Passage834 Words   |  4 PagesMai Quach Professor Dalia Sirkin English 1B 16 November 2016 Research paper: The Sunrise Dance A rite of passage is a ritual, a ceremony, or set of rituals. People from around the world celebrate birth ceremonies, puberty ceremonies, marriage ceremonies, or death ceremonies, as part of their culture. These ceremonies mark the transition of people’s lives when they move from one stage to another. In Apache tradition, when a girl has her first menstruation, her parents and her relatives prepare forRead MoreRites Of Passage, By Arnold Van Gennep1547 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Rites of passage are rituals or events which are universally conducted for a variety of cultural, religious and social reasons. Grounded in everyday life, ritual is symbolic and emotional providing a transition of knowledge, behaviour and status, as Audrey Richards’s wrote, ’the use of symbols in ritual secures some kind of emotional compromise which satisfies the majority of individuals who compose a society and which supports its major institutions’ . These rites of passage, rituals or

Teacher Job Satisfaction in a Secondary in West Kazakhstan

Question: Discuss the factors that affect the job satisfaction of teachers. Answer: Introduction In order for any education system to be successful, it must have highly motivated and satisfied teachers. Teachers are the main drivers of knowledge in schools; they are the catalyst between students and knowledge. They are the pivot on which the entire education system rests, or better still, the backbone of education. In ancient India, they were compared to gods and regarded as perfect beings. Teaching was also regarded as a sacred and holy duty. (Rao, 2003: 116). However, today teaching is not regarded with same respect. In fact, in comparison to professions such as: medicine, engineering, and law, teaching is a lower ranking profession. Teachers do not enjoy the same respect and status of doctors or lawyers. This coupled with others factors has affected negatively on their morale and esteem. For example, they are the least paid compared to other professions (Rao, 2003: 116). Teaching has been degraded over time, and this has led to negative attitude towards the profession. Teachers no longer feel great and all-knowing, as they used to feel in the old days. Most teachers would attest to the fact that, they are not proud to be teachers. And given any other chance, will abandon the profession. Some studies have shown that about 29% of teachers leave the profession after the first 3 years of service, while others show that about 50% leave the service after 5 years (Bilz, 2008). This certainly is a worrying trend. In any venture, happiness and job satisfaction is the key. When people are happy and satisfied with what they are doing, they are likely to be more productive. There is no other place where this is more applicable than in the teaching profession(Qualls, 2008: 78). Teachers with a high job satisfaction bring enthusiasm to a classroom: impacting positively to the learning environment. Therefore, job satisfaction is very critical to the motivation of teachers, and increasing their productivity. It is in this regards that this study was done: to understand the main factors that affect teachers job satisfaction. Methodology In this study, questionnaires were used for data collection. They were structure in a way that they would not take more than ten minutes of the respondents time. Also the anonymity of the respondents was guaranteed. Findings and discussions Profile of respondents In this study, 53.3% of the respondents interviewed were female, while 46.7% were male. The age category of the respondents was as follows: between 20-29 years, they were 33.3%; between 30-39 years, they were 40%; between 40-49 years, they were 20%; and above 50 years, they were 6.7%. This data shows that most of the teachers are young: between the 20-39 years. These are the most active and productive people in the society. Our motivations shape our ethics at the individual and professional level. It is the driving force behind successful ventures (Sercombe, 2010). This is especially true for young people without experience. Most of the teachers, about 33.3%, have teaching experience of more than 15 years. While 26.7% have 1-5 years experience, and the rest have each 20%. From the data it seems that most of the teachers that have a lot of experience, and remain in the teaching profession compared to those with 5-15 experience. While those that are new to the profession are also many: about 26.7 %. This shows that there are some factors that lead the percentage of newly recruited teachers to reduce from 26.7% to 20%. It seems as though most of the teachers leave the profession when they have worked for about five years maximum. However, teachers who have worked in the profession for long, seem to have adapted to the challenges and therefore have the highest percentage. Analysis of job satisfaction level When the respondents were asked the extent of their satisfaction on teaching. Only about 20% are dissatisfied. Some of the reasons given are: a lot of paper work; limitations such as unavailable individual room for foreign languages study. Also challenges posed by large groups of students, which are difficult to handle. Some are young teachers and expect more support from experienced teachers and feel that they are subjected to a lot of pressure from the administration, and students that do not want to learn. Other disgruntled teachers cite low salary and too much pressure, not just from the administration, but also from students and parents. The main reasons that comes out clearly is that teachers are unhappy with too much paper work (they feel that it is unnecessary), pressure from students, parents and administration and unnecessary inspections. 46.7% of the respondents were satisfied. Some of the reasons cited by the satisfied teachers were: some feel that they are useful for their students and parents respects them; some have been assigned higher positions such as deputy principal, which motivates them since they feel it is more prestigious than just teaching; others cited a good salary as the main reason why they were satisfied. But what came out clearly is that most of the teachers are satisfied because of the job environment: good pay, promotion and enjoy collaborating with their colleagues. About 33.3% were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, they were indecisive. This is mainly because they felt that their satisfaction depends on the job situation. Sometimes they are satisfied and sometimes they are not. Therefore they understand the dynamics of the teaching profession, and can neither complain nor praise the profession. Factors leading to job satisfaction The main factors that lead to their job satisfaction are, students interests in the subjects taught, and the working environment, with a percentage of 66.7. This are followed by opportunities for training, at 46.7 percent; sufficient positive feedback and opportunities for promotion at 26.7 percent; autonomy to make changes and job security at 20 percent; and pay salary at 13.3 percent. This shows that, teachers are mostly not motivated by a higher salary, but on students interest in their subjects and a good working environment. Generally, teachers are more satisfied with their job when they are given the freedom and a conducive environment to teach (Wilches, 2007: 245-275). Teachers should be given full control and freedom to teach: this would in essence give them confidence and job satisfaction. Factors leading to job dissatisfaction The main factor for job dissatisfaction, which was reported by 73.3 percent of the respondents is low pay/salary. This is followed by the pressure to meet deadlines at 46.7 percent; too much work and lack of time for family and home are reported by 26.7 percent of the respondents; lack of promotion opportunities, poor students behavior level and lack of autonomy are reported by 13.3 percent of the respondents; and 6.7 percent of the respondents reported, school management, job security and lack of training and development opportunities, are the main challenges. This clearly show that, teachers are demoralized by low pay. They feel as though their profession is not valued, which makes them dissatisfied. low pay makes teaching seem like an inferior profession (Anastasiou and Papakonstantinou, 2014: 37). Most of the teachers do not think that, lack of training, job security, and school policy and management, have a major negative effect on their job satisfaction. Reasons for leaving the teaching career When the respondents were asked whether they had ever considered leaving the teaching profession, most of them (about 86.7 percent) answered yes. Only about 13.3 percent answered no. This clearly shows that majority of the teachers are not satisfied with the profession and given an alternative, they would gladly leave. When asked why, about 92.3 percent of the respondents, reported low pay as the main reason. Followed by 53.8 percent who reported lack of opportunity to progress. Again low pay is seen as the main factor that affects job satisfaction. A study that was done by (Madi Abdullah and Uli, 2009: 10) also showed the same statistics, depicting low pay as the main factor that makes teachers dissatisfied with the profession. Factors affecting their work-life balance Most of the respondents (about 93.3 percent) reported that less unnecessary paperwork would improve their work-life balance. Followed by less pressure on inspection visits. Studies show that most teachers report that being observed and evaluated causes them to have negative emotions (Tun et al., 2015: 554-568). When teachers are subjected to stressful working conditions that might not be necessary, such as unnecessary paperwork and stressful inspections, they are demoralized. Teachers should be given the freedom to teach and provide guidance to students without unnecessary interruptions. These stressful conditions affects their both their working conditions and their life outside school. Chances that they would be working as teachers in ten years of time Most of the teachers do not know and are uncertain as to whether they would be working as teachers in 10 years of time. This was reported by 60 percent of the respondents. Only 40 percent answered that they would still be working as teachers. When the working conditions are not conducive for the teachers, it is obvious they would want to seek greener pastures somewhere else, and that is why most of them are not sure whether they would be working in the same profession for more than 10 years. Suggestion on what the government should do to improve the experience of teaching About 93.3 percent of the respondents reported that they would like the government to restore national pay and conditions. While 73.3 percent would want the government to give teachers more freedom over what and how they teach. This is in resonance with other studies that showed that teachers classroom autonomy is an important factor in the determination of the level of job satisfaction (Walker, 2016). The government should in this case review teachers salary and working conditions, in order to improve on their job satisfaction. Teachers are very important people in the society and they need the governments support: to listen to their grievances and act in their favor. Conclusion From this results it can be noted that most of the teachers are comfortable with the profession and only a small percentage is unhappy. This can be interpreted to mean that the majority of the teachers are happy and enjoy working as teachers. However this cannot be used to ignore the minority who are dissatisfied. It is important to understand the reasons why they are discontented. This is because discontented teachers are usually demoralized to work, and as discussed in the paper, affects negatively the learning environment in a learning institution (Moore, 2012: 2-6). References Anastasiou, S., Papakonstantinou, G. (2014) 'Factors affecting job satisfaction, stress and work performance of secondary education teachers in Epirus', International Journal of Management in Education, Vol.8, no.1, July, pp.37 Bilz, J.A. (2008) Job Satisfaction and Teacher Career Stages,[Online], Available: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=1dw54YOroVMC [15 July 2016] Madi Abdullah, M., Uli, J. (2009) 'Job satisfaction among secondary school teachers', Jurnal Kemanusiaan,Vol.13, Jun, pp.10 Moore, C.M. (2012) 'The Role of School Environment in Teacher Dissatisfaction Among U.S. Public School Teachers.' SAGE, Vol.2, no.1, February, pp. 2-6 Qualls, L.A. (2008) 'Factors that Affect Job Satisfaction Among Teachers in Two Selected Milwaukee Charter Schools', Capella University, United States of America, pp. 78 Rao, D.B. (2003) Job Satisfaction Of School Teachers: Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, pp.116. Tun, B., nand, Y., Gndz, B. (2015) 'Inspection and teachers emotions: An emotional evaluation of inspection', J. Hum. Sci. Vol.12, pp.554568. Walker, T. (2016) Teacher Autonomy Declined over Past Decade, New Data Shows [Online], Available: https://neatoday.org/2016/01/11/teacher-autonomy-in-the-classroom/ [15 July 2016] Usma Wilches, Jaime. (2007) 'Teacher Autonomy: A Critical Review of the Research and Concept beyond Applied Linguistics'. kala, revista de lenguaje y cultura, num. Enero-Diciembre, pp. 245-275.

Financial Accounting Budget for Operational And Behavioural Benefits

Question: Describe several operational and behavioural benefits that are generally attributed to a participative budgetary process. Identify at least four deficiencies in Jack Rileys participative policy for planning and performance evaluation purposes. For each deficiency identified, recommend how it can be corrected. Answer: Describe several operational and behavioural benefits that are generally attributed to a participative budgetary process. Budgetary process refers to the system with which the government creates and approves budget. Budgeting is the means to allocate funds and limit of expenditure for a particular department. It set a limit and allocates particular amount for working and development of a particular department or sector. It is a very important tool which helps the organisations and also the government to have a check on funds utilised. A budget if properly prepared helps to provide operational and productive efficiencies in all divisions of an organisation (Horngren, 2013). There are both behavioural and operational benefits of budgeting process. The behavioural benefits of budgetary process involves that it ensures that all the important issues in connection with an expense are included. This process also helps to ensure that the employees understand the importance of their roles in meeting the organisations goal and they put in more effort to fulfil their responsibilities. The budgetary process provides the organisation with an opportunity to solve problems which are most of the time not noticed by anyone (Drury, 2011). The employees are also motivated to fulfil their goals with the help of budgetary process; it gives them an initiative and a goal with the motivation to achieve it. The most important benefit of budgetary process is that it makes the people at all levels in an organisation feel that their opinion is important to the top management in their decision making. The operational benefit of the budgetary process is that it helps to improve the effectiveness of the spending by creating better investment opportunities for the organisation. With the flow of time, the management gets used to budget and actual figures, which helps them create budget which are very accurate. The budget process strengthens the overall financial planning of an organisation (Drury, 2011). Therefore we see that budgetary process not effects the finance department but it also helps the organisation to improve its operational effectiveness. The budgetary process helps the organisation improve all its functions by cutting expenses and investing more wherever required (Williams, 2011). The whole process of budgeting helps to provide control over ones money and focus on money goals by involving participation of all the levels of an organisation. Identify at least four deficiencies in Jack Rileys participative policy for planning and performance evaluation purposes. For each deficiency identified, recommend how it can be corrected. In the above problem we see that Jack Riley believes that participation from all the divisions would motivate its managers and help to improve productivity. Though his contentions are correct, still there lie a few deficiencies in Jacks planning. The first deficiency which can be easily noticed is that the appropriation Target for each division seems to be arbitrarily determined. In order to overcome this deficiency, Mr, Riley can use appropriate methodology in order to determine appropriation target for all the divisions. Allocation made to the divisions should be made on basis of their performance, input/output or future possibilities of expansion (Graham Smart, 2012). Therefore, the appropriation target is required to be more properly defined. Secondly, we see that there is lack of quantitative analysis for performance evaluations and financing. For example, sales can be taken as the basis of performance evaluation. The division with the most proper quantitative performance evaluation should be rewarded. Therefore, the organisation should develop a quantitative measure to evaluate fiscal performance and evaluations, and use them for allocation and distribution of rewards for the division with best performance (Albrecht et. al, 2011). Thirdly, in Mr. Rileys approach we see that it lacks the point that fiscal responsibility could be encouraged as a method of performance evaluation procedure. In order to make fiscal responsibility a tool for performance evaluation procedure, the share of financial savings should be distributed with the mangers that are more fiscally responsible (Albrecht et. al, 2011). This can be done with the help of bonus programmes. Lastly, we can say that the division managers may be arbitrarily determining their department budgets. The mangers should be recommended to use the minimum level approach which is most suitable to their respective divisions. Preparation of individual budget is as important as the total budget. Any miscalculations in individual budget will affect the overall financial plan of the organisation (Graham Smart, 2012). Therefore above are the few deficiencies and recommendations for the same for Jack Rileys approach for budgetary process. If they are effectively implied then it may be advantageous to the whole division of social services for the state. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J. (2011). Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Drury, C. (2011).Cost and management accounting. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning. Graham, J. and Smart, S. (2012) Introduction to corporate finance. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Horngren, C. (2013)Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Williams, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.