What Makes a Piece Literature?

Some claims that every literature tries to make a specific point. A good writer they say always associates her opinion, ideas and thoughts in her or his masterpiece. Some produce literature purely for entertainment stressing that life is funny and humorous, some include many ironies highlighting that life is complicated and hard to understand, some literature especially those classics are for the purpose of political movement portraying the kind of values and morality the society has, some are for the purpose of religion and spirituality, some literature was made to emphasize creativity or unconventional way of creating a literature redefining the stereotypical characterization, themes, settings, conflicts and endings, and most importantly some literature are made for the purpose of persuasion. Literary works of writers especially from the past reflect their artistic interpretation of the world which is usually in the midst of inequalities, war and conflict. Literature basically speaks volumes about human ideas, emotions and nature that illustrate the kind of culture, religion and social orientation the writer has during the time he or she created it. There is no given absolute standard of what makes a piece a literature. Literature is basically the product of writer’s consciousness and experience. Literature can be always authentic or original. Most of the time, writer’s inputs in his writing is a mixture of acquired knowledge from the previous readings and his own (Elliot). In the earliest literature, the themes of something metaphysical are often explored especially in Greek and Roman literature during the time when most people were still in search of religion. One of the strongest and perhaps oldest emotions of mankind is fear, and the most intriguing fear is the fear of the unknown. The idea of fear inspires classic and contemporary writers to explore the things that cannot be seen or fully comprehended by human understanding, from the element of fear of the unknown to the exploration of something metaphysical that motivates detachment from life. As time passes by however, human interaction and attachment is increasing. There is a rapid development of ideas towards the standard of morality and ideal society. System and government arises and so inequality. Chaucer and Twain for example express their thoughts regarding inequalities of societal system through the stories and characters they created in their literature. Their works are considered timeless since the human problems they battled and experienced before are still being experience today. All literature is timeless in their own way since it explores human experience and human nature. Since everybody who can read literature is human, everybody can relate. There is no such thing as traditional literature when it comes to themes and symbolisms. What makes a literature traditional is that it was created long time ago.

Coming Of Age Personal Essay Essay

Everybody experiences coming of age in their lifetime. Coming of age is the transition from childhood to adulthood. My coming of age started in the middle of my grade 8 year and has continued up until the present. So, for me coming of age has occurred from grades 8-10. The three steps that really defined my coming of age was my traveling to Europe, starting high school and getting my first job at Tim Horton’s. My first step in my coming of age was traveling to Europe with my aunt and uncle. Firstly, I was not with my parents which made me feel more self-reliant. This was my first time riding on a plane and traveling for more than a week without my parent so at the time it seemed like a big deal. I felt that because I was not being watched over as heavily, I was more responsible and was growing up. Secondly, I was starting to travel the world for the first time and it made me think of my future. It reminded me that when I was old enough, there were going to be endless possibilities to what I could accomplish and where I could go. This is definitely an important step in growing up. Realizing that you need to start preparing for your future and start to figure out what you want to do and where you want to go. Lastly, I made new older friends that made me feel like I was growing up and expanding my â€Å"bubble†. The people I met were older then I was and were so friendly. I felt more m ature around them. Meeting new people if all part of â€Å"coming of age†. This is why traveling to Europe was the first step for me to start maturing and to start coming of age. The second step I took towards my coming of age was when I started attending high school at Sir William Mulock Secondary School. Starting high school was a big change from elementary because there was a lot more responsibility. The teachers do not come after you for late assignments and there is a lot more homework that is necessary to complete. This helped me prepare myself for after high school when my employers will need me to show initiative when completing tasks. So therefore, this was a big step in my coming of age. Secondly, when you are in high school, authorities start to treat you as a mature young adult. This means that they have fast paced learning environments and expect you to show up for class. If you miss to many classes you will not pass the course. This taught me to push myself when I was tired or sick which is a big part of growing up. When you are an adult working full time, you can’t skip work when you aren’t feeling well. So for these reasons, starting high school was a big step in my coming of age. The last and most recent step towards my coming of age was starting my part time job at Tim Horton’s. Having this job as my first job was a big responsibility. In order to keep my job I had to show up on time, manage my extracurricular activities and homework around working, ask a lot of questions and deal with co-workers. This added responsibility helped me to start to understand what working will be like once I have graduated high school. Thinking ahead for the future and obtaining responsibility is part of coming of age. Also, for this job I had to learn many new skills. When you are starting a new job there are many techniques you have yet to master such as operating the cash register and making food/beverages as well as customer service skills. Learning all of this helped to me feel more mature and useful. Lastly, the job provided me with a steady flow of cash. Earning money was something that I had never experienced before and it gave me a good feeling. It made me self-r eliant , which is a big part of growing up. Having my own money and being able to spend it on what I want is also a test to see if I can make good decisions or not as well as teaching me money management. This is an important skill for when I have moved out. Therefore , getting my own job was the most recent step in my coming of age. So for these reason, I think that my coming of age happened over my grade 8-10 years. I am not done growing up yet, but the main events leading up to this day that have started my coming of age were my traveling to Europe, starting high school and getting my first job. There will be many more events in my future that will continue my coming of age in the future, but for now I am young and am excited for the growing that I still have to do.

Health Communication verses Social Marketing and allocationof Essay

Health Communication verses Social Marketing and allocationof resources - Essay Example The role of the nutritionist would be to supervise the entire nutritional portion of the program wherein the requirements as delineated by the USDA. He/she would be employed as a consultant and would plan the lunch menu on a for the week and endure the menu meets the minimal energy level of 664 kcal with a fat content of less that 30% of the total calorific content, no less than 10g of protein, 286mg of calcium, 3.5mg of iron, at lease 224 retinol equivalents of vitamin A and at lest 15mg of vitamin C. The salary for the nutritionist would be approximately $15/hour for 10 hours per week. This salary is based on the Hourly Rate Survey Report for Job: Nutritionist (PayScale, Inc. 2007). A chef would also serve as an integral part of the proposed program, the role of the chef would be such that he/she would work in collaboration with the nutritionist to ensure that the calorie and other nutritional requirements of the proposed program are met. This would be achieved through healthy culinary techniques, portion control and the close monitoring of all those involved. The chef would be an additional employee procured specifically for this program. This employee would be a part-time employee and would garner a salary of approximately $20/hour for an average of four hours per day and twenty hours per week. In addition to the nutritionist and the chef, the program would utilize a physical education/health and nutrition teacher. Currently, the department of education within each and every state utilizes physical education/health and nutrition teachers. These teachers are on staff on a full-time basis. In order to maintain the guidelines of this program, it would be necessary for these teachers to undergo specialized training in order to deliver the necessary fitness and education programs as these programs are age-specific. In addition to the age specificity, these programs are accompanied by specific guidelines

Comparison and Contrast between Michelangelo and Picasso Term Paper

Comparison and Contrast between Michelangelo and Picasso - Term Paper Example The paper "Comparison and Contrast between Michelangelo and Picasso" helps to understand the contrast between two artists: Michelangelo and Picasso. Michelangelo and Picasso are two of the most popular artists in the world who belong to two different periods. Michelangelo studied anatomy to attain the perfection in form which is manifested in many of his art works. He lived during the Renaissance period, the dawning of a new cultural movement, and had produced many works. Picasso was born during the 19th century and passed away just in the 20th century. He is one of the pioneers of an art form called Cubism. Having lived in the modern times, his form and style has the influence of modernism. Many would know him as a great painter who adorned the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel. He was multi-talented, and wanted to be an engineer, builder of churches and palaces, sculptor. His devotion to his art works can be considered as extreme. While sculpting the statue for Julio II, he slept with his working clothes and boots that caused his legs to swell and had to be cut together with his flesh. He is very proud of this family and blood lineage, and his family devotion can be compared to that of a religion. Although his family had wealth, he would live and eat as if impoverished that his father warned him to take care of his health. Michelangelo received apprenticeship in art early in life. He first studied literature but later shifted to the study of the arts, and at 13 years old apprenticed under to Domenico Ghirlandaio. for three years (Michelangelo par. 1). Domenico was highly impressed with the performance of Michelangelo, and thus recommended him for tutorship under Lorenzo the Magnificent (par. 1). When he later frequented the San Marcos of Lorenze where antique statues are found, he met Pico della Mirandola (par. 1). He then studied sculptor under Donatello’s disciple, Bertoldo (par. 1). He sculpted two famous works, â€Å"The Virgin on the Stairs† an d â€Å"The Battle of the Centaurs† (par. 2). He would make study drawings before sculpting the medium (Michelangelo par. 2). Although he made earlier works, such as those from Giotto and Masaccio, as his models, his art works manifested more idealism and strong vision (par.2). In 1494, he met Aldrovandi when he moved to Bologna, and sculpted for him â€Å"Angel† for Noah`s Ark in Santo Domingo (Michelangelo par. 2). He completed the unfinished works of the early Renaissance sculptor Niccolo dell'Arca (par. 2). Going to Rome, he initially made the sculpture â€Å"Young Bacchus† (par. 2). He traveled between Florence (due to nostalgic predisposition) and Rome a number of times (par. 2). In 1501, while in Rome, banker Jacopo Galloi purchased his painting â€Å"Young Bacchus† which Cardinal S. Dionigi commissioned Michelangelo to do (par. 2). His objects traversed between profanity and sacredness which duality is manifested in his works â€Å"Bacchus† and â€Å"The Centaurs† on the one hand, and the â€Å"Pieta† and â€Å"Virgin of the Stairs† on the other (par. 2). He did â€Å"Pieta† (the only one that he affixed his signature) in 1498 from the request of French Cardinal Jean de Lagraulas (par. 2). Back in Florence (between 1501 and 1504), Michelangelo met Leonardo da Vinci where he got some inspiration (par. 2). He was not inclined to scientific inquiry like Leonardo but engaged in the study of

What Would Benjamin Franklin's Say, and What Do You Say Educational Essay

What Would Benjamin Franklin's Say, and What Do You Say Educational curriculum - Essay Example While the United States still retains the world’s most elite university system, the nation has fallen behind in primary and secondary education. Increasingly, foreign nations have moved passed the country in the highly critical areas of math and science. For centuries theorists have considered the best way to structure educational curriculum to meet changing needs. One prominent educational theorist was Benjamin Franklin. This essay considers Franklin’s insights on education and then presents my perspectives on the most appropriate educational curriculum. Benjamin Franklin prominently examined the most appropriate education in his considerations for the development of an academy in Pennsylvania. From an overarching perspective, Franklin considers that education should function to prepare students for their entrance into the world ("Archives," 2012). Franklin goes on to state that, â€Å"if Men †¦catch such a Taste for cultivating Flowers, Planting, Grafting, Inocu lating†¦why may not we expect they should acquire a Relish for that more useful Culture of young Minds† ("Archives," 2012). This is a notable statement as it indicates that while Franklin recognizes hobbies are important elements, it is essential that educational curriculum instruction in ‘useful’ skills. ancient customs and morality. ... reat amount of emerging research has demonstrated that Montessori school out-perform traditional modes of education ("Research shows benefits," 2006). I believe that one of the major shortcomings of modern educational reform has been an illusionary belief that all students share the same innate abilities. Through adopting Montessori approaches to education at the primary level teachers, parents, and school systems will better be able to determine the specific interests and abilities the student has and is drawn to. This understanding, rather than the artificial and inflexible public curriculum, can then inform the individual’s further educational experience. After primary education further changes need to be made to the current curriculum in the secondary level. The 21st century has increasingly become integrated with the Internet and social networking. Many schools have already recognized the importance of integrating social networking platforms such as Facebook, Ning, and Tw itter into the regular curriculum (Davis, 2010). I believe that that the Information Age has necessitated that educational curriculum assume a number of profound changes. During Franklin’s time, as evidenced by his strong emphasis on acculturation through instruction in history and ancient customs, there was a great importance for content instruction. Today with the Internet’s emergence as a repository of culture it has become unrealistic to assume that students simply learn a body of history. Instead I believe that secondary curriculum should increasingly focus on instructing students in the means of navigating this complex cultural landscape. During Franklin’s time the primary modes of cultural dissemination were through books. The 20th century witnessed the emergence of film,

1.For any theory of law, justice or rights to be worthy of our Essay

1.For any theory of law, justice or rights to be worthy of our support, it must involve a necessary connection with morality. To what extent, if at all, do you agree with this view - Essay Example But before this issue can be explored, many other aspects come into play so that the main question can be fully understood. Firstly, what is a connection between law and morality? What is this moral basis which we speak of? Ultimately I will argue that the contention that our acceptance of laws is based on its necessary connection with morality presupposes the existence of universal moral standards. I argue that this is not possible; that there does not and cannot exist a universal, or even societal moral basis, for ultimately the topic is subjective. By dismantling the conception that there exist these morals as a basis for our acceptance of law, I will then proceed to provide examples, and thus explain why we accept laws. The topic is rich in content, and brings into play many contentions and side analyses, and it goes without saying that this will be a brief, albeit suitable expression of the argument. However, the main basis of my argument will be to show that when a connection b etween law and morality is found – and I do not consider this impossible – it allows arbitrary decisions to be made, based on the subjective outlook of he who is applying the law. What is a moral connection between law and morality? Let us observe it in play in the courtroom, through the dicta of judge Ormrod in the case of Corbett v Corbett.1 His statement that the criteria for determining the sex of a spouse to be â€Å"the biological sexual constitution† and the â€Å"essential role† of a woman in a marriage2 is commonly accepted to be fraught with personal moral considerations.3 In such cases, some argue that a connection between law and morality is proven, where the legislation involved in the case was vague and did not define the criteria under which the sex of a spouse should be determined. So, a moral connection between law and morality in the courtroom is an interpretation of the law in accordance with what the judge considers to be

New Deal, One topic to choose among 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New Deal, One topic to choose among 6 - Essay Example Despite the fact that Roosevelt got elected to the White House for record four-terms, but it is said that his popularity waned in all subsequent elections due to the unpopularity of New Deal. The success of New Deal, however, remains widely contested among economist, political scientists and historians to this day. Roosevelt began his election campaign with two things in mind; to check economic distress and provide employment (Eliot). During the first days in office, the Roosevelt called for a special session of Congress and got passed bills for facilitation of such New Deal programs like Works Project Administration (WPA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), National Youth Administration (NYA), Farm Security Administration (FSA), National Recovery Administration (NRA), and Public Works Administration. These Acts and Programs were intended ensuring reasonable farm prices, generating employment and providing economic and social security to the people. This era is typified by a political adage: Roosevelt proposed, Congress passed. Later Congress, the Congress passed important legislations like the Agricultural Adjustment Act, National Housing Act, and the Social Security Act. However, New Deal opponents felt that these legislations while on one hand made the Executive (the President) much more powerful transgressing into the Congress area, and on the other tried to make the federal power more pervasive over states. Roosevelt was blamed for trying to pursue centralization of power intended to replace free-enterprise with state-owned economy: Fascism or Communist style (Flynn, 1944, quoted by Gordon). Venn (1998) feels that the task of administering the New Deal was complex and demanding one. â€Å"The sheer scale of legislation and the proliferation of agencies meant that the operation of the federal government was far more fluid than it had been previously, as well as requiring a vastly increased bureaucracy. (Venn, 68). New Deal also

Abortion & Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abortion & Divorce - Essay Example Hence if an abortion is performed at any stage between conception and birth, it is nothing but murder, and those guilty of such murder include the mother, the operating doctor, and the lawmakers of the country who do not enact laws to prohibit it. Secondly, several medical problems {like infertility, miscarriage and premature births} can surface due to abortions that will scar the future of women greatly. The medical problems aspect takes on terrifying dimensions when the possibility of developing breast cancer {recent medical research firmly links abortion to breast cancer} is added. Thirdly, there is no world religion that condones abortion and this is reflected in all religious books {including the Bible whose Tenth Commandment states: â€Å"Thou shall not kill†}. Apart from the above 3 arguments, the two main pro-abortion stances have no solid foundation, namely, that it is a symbol of feminine liberty {a favorite feminist argument}, and that it saves women from the high cost and danger of travelling to other countries to undergo secret operations. Today, with the massive advancement of science and technology, a large number of birth control methods are available to women to choose from like abstinence during certain days of the month, sterilization, male and female condoms, diaphragms perhaps the most commonly used oral contraceptive – The Pill, which in its latest version can even be effectively taken 72 hours after sexual intercourse. In conclusion, abortion, when viewed through the prisms of the most highly prized concepts of mankind {morality and religion}, besides having several other drawbacks as discussed above, cannot be pronounced as ‘good.’ The fact that many abortion cases in the U.S involve young, unmarried women clearly shows that legalized abortion is wrongly being used by the younger generation to indulge in promiscuous sex. The esteemed lawmakers of our nation should stop the rot by prohibiting abortion. Divorce refers to

How to stop data warehousing and mining before they become more Essay - 1

How to stop data warehousing and mining before they become more trouble than they are worth - Essay Example y service, promote efficient business operations and maintain the organizational productivity, avoiding disclosure of sensitive information and fraud and complying with the legislation. It is essential that the organizations understood the major principles of secure information systems implementation. Jeff Angus (2005) clearly demonstrates that the wrong and excessive security practices do nothing but harm the work, causing losses of money, time, and human labor, without providing the security the organization wanted to reach. He explains that very often the complexity of the initiatives overcomes the efforts, while there comes a moment when people and systems simply cannot cope with it, weakening the stability of system and protection. Angus points to the major error that can be committed by an organization concerned with its security: its concentration on â€Å"what might go wrong† instead of on â€Å"how to cope with the inevitable changes to their operations and business model†. While the organization spends money, energy and time overhead, it can be undercut by the changes in the market, so that it may lack the resources as a result. Mark Miller (2005) tries to highlight the reasons of the erroneous practices taking place. To his mind, the major problem is that computer security field is building â€Å"perpetual motion machines†, without distinguishing possible and impossible goals. Permanent frustration caused by such practices leads to the perception that â€Å"true computer security is impossible†, the breeches in protection are inevitable. This, Miller warns, may result in decrease of demand for the security information systems. First of all, Miller explains, it is necessary to understand that the security issue in the pattern of commerce cooperation is â€Å"how to safely obtain the benefits of interacting with the entities you do not trust†. It is also important to realize which of numerous and various models fits the best for achieving the purposes of the

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Proposal - Essay Example This means that students may have to reschedule their arrival in the early morning even if their classes are in the afternoon session just to get a better parking spot!! Further, parking space provided for faculty members is 3-4 decks high and lies partially unoccupied due to its better parking space Vs vehicles ratio. And if students use these slots during rush hour, they are penalized through issue of tickets or towing away of vehicles even if these slots were vacant. Some students prefer to park their vehicles in the off-campus parking slots like Starbucks when their classes are closer to such parking lots than student's parking area. Unfortunately, students having classes at West campus or the forum area cannot do this! Similarly, some faculties like business have their classes closer to Beaver stadium, but is it possible for all university students to change over to business faculty simply to avail of this advantage! This is an unnecessary benefit for some students which also needs to be streamlined. This acute problem of parking facility for the students often creates unnecessary anxiety in terms of finding a parking slot at the last moment, lack of parking slot during the rush hour, waiting for a bus/walking down all the way and delays on such accords leading to students being penalized for coming late, feeling of a bias among students due to underutilized parking slots for faculty members and lack of interest by the university authorities to resolve the matter. This paper aims to suggest workable solutions to the problem and thereby help them stay motivated and happier while pursuing their studies at the university. THE SURVEY With a view to finding out whether this problem is unique to this author or the case is same with all faculty members, the undersigned conducted a basic survey of 200 students on this subject. The common view was that there exists an unreasonable and acute parking problem for the students of this university which needs to be resolved on due priority. The essence/terms of reference and outcome of the survey are appended below for a quick glance by one and all: 1. Do you think the university suffers from a parking problem Ans. Yes - 145/200 2. Where do you park usually Ans Campus - 130/200. 3. Would you like to park on campus Ans. All 200 students responded with a big YES. 4. Which of the following areas is the best area for rebuilding a parking deck a) Blue area b) Red area c) Yellow area d) Black area e) Green area Ans. Black area - 70/200. 5. Which available parking deck is the most convenient one to convert a) Park 1 b) Park 2 c) Park 3 d) Park 4 Ans. Park 2 - 80/200 6. If all solutions fail due to monetary issues and/or long term solutions, are you interested to help implement a point system Ans. Yes 145/200 7. Are you interested in being part of a student organization that will proceed and help make results happen Ans. Yes - 100/200. BUILDING/CONVERTING A PARKING DECK FOR STUDENTS As is evident from this survey, Black area and Park 2 parking deck seem to be popular and convenient choices for providing parking facilities for the students. However, the final decision as to where the parking deck should be provided is up to the committee in charge of making such decisions. While one deck can be constructed at Black area, it can be supplemented economically by converting one faculty deck for use by the

The Nature of Culture Essay Example for Free

The Nature of Culture Essay The term â€Å"culture† is mentioned almost everywhere—in the television, at school, in politics, and in the media. What is the nature of culture? What is its function in the society? How does culture relate to individuals and how does culture change? The Nature of Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Culture refers to the collectivity of human activities and symbols that are generated to give deeper meaning and significance to these activities. According to Findley and Rothney (2006, p.14), culture may be â€Å"understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another. † The culture of any given society may be seen in the lifestyle of people, the music and literature, as well as the painting, sculpture, film, and in the technology being used by the society. Culture may also be seen in terms of consumption patterns of people. According to anthropologists, however, culture is far broader than consumption because consumption falls into the broader framework that gives meaning to consumption goods being purchased by people. The science, religion, and relationships between and among people and institutions are all part of culture (Findley Rothney, 2006). On the other hand, cultural anthropologists use the term â€Å"culture† to denote the process and the ability of humans to think about, classify, and communicate experiences and other things in symbols. This means that the experiences, goods, services, and commodities that humans get access to are assigned particular meanings and importance. This process becomes even more important in the case of communities where individuals interact with each other and with the institutions and traditions of the community or society (Findley Rothney, 2006). Culture, the Individual, and Culture Change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An individual gets the symbols, traditions, and modes of thinking that are prevalent in the society. Given this, an individual’s mode of thinking is shaped by the culture of the society that they are in. Cultural change, no matter how difficult it appears to be, happens all the time. As generations come and go, the modes of behavior, conduct, and arts of a society change because new inventions and factors in the society are introduced. This can be explained by Thomas Kuhn’s theory on paradigm change. When new technologies, ideas, and processes are introduced, the symbols also change and the way that these processes are understood must change as well. Take for example the nature of the rapid technological change in our society. These changes are happening now at a breakneck speed. Instant communications, instant foods, and other instantaneous processes affect arts, music, and more fundamentally, the nature of interactions between and among people. The prevailing culture and traditions, however, will not simply be supplemented by the emerging new culture. Traditions also affect ways of thinking and how these changes shall be viewed in the broader society. With fast technological change, and the rapid obsolescence of gadgets and technology, the mode of thinking in the society is also changing. The elements of tradition and the modes of thinking in the present culture are also necessary for the transition to be effected. As the negotiation between the old culture and the emerging one proceeds, a new culture emerges in the process. Reference Findley, C. V. Rothney, J. A. (2006). Twentieth-century World, 6th edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Fidel Castro In Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay

Fidel Castro In Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay Scope: The investigation will focus in assessing the importance and significance of Fidel Castros role in the Missile Crisis of 1962. Method: Castros degree of significance will be evaluated through his roles in chronological stages of the Cuban Missile Crisis, along with the reference to the superpowers. The chronological stages of roles of Castro will be divided by the background stage with the alliance between USSR, the climax stage with the shoot down of American U-2 plane and nuclear attack suggestion, and by the ending stage with the resolution in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Summary of Evidence Background Stage Invasions of US and Cubas alliance with USSR -The break up between Castro and US was already expected by the US invasion Bay of Pigs of Cuba in 1961, where US supported Cuban counter-reactionaries to overthrow Castro. -As the invasion failed, it caused Castro to form alliance with USSR, fearing further invasions of US to overthrow him. -Castros fear came to real when Cuban intelligence spotted the US activities that eventually led to Operation Mongoose in early 1962, which was another invasion designed by US to overthrow Castro. -However, as a new alliance of Cuba and Castro, USSR promised and proposed for the plan for the protection of Cuban regime, which was to ship install nuclear warheads to Cuban territory, before US would find out about it. -Castro welcomed Khrushchevs plan, and the USSR shipped their nuclear warheads to Cuba in stealthy manner, avoiding eyes of US. Initial Stage Nuclear Missiles in Cuba -It was in October 1962 that US intelligence finally found out about Soviet nuclear warheads, which were already shipped to Cuba and were in the preparation for use. -The Cuban Missile Crisis begins on 22. Oct. 1962 as US President Kennedy officially announces that numerous number of USSR nuclear warheads sites, suggesting the possibility of nuclear attack against US. -With the broadcast in the public, Kennedy quickly responded by implementing naval blockade of Cuba, and tried diplomatic negotiations with USSR to reduce the tension of the superpowers with the removal of the nuclear warheads in Cuba. -However, even in the negotiations, numerous tension-heightening incidents occurred to blur the improving relationship between the superpowers, and the danger of nuclear war emerges. Climax Stage U-2 Airplane/Castros Demand of Nuclear Strike -In the midst of negotiations between USSR and US, one of the incidents occurred, which was the shoot down of U-2 US Airplane on 27. Oct. 1962. -At the time, US and USSR believed the incident was the action of Castro, ordering anti-aircraft artillery to shoot down U-2 airplane on the day. -However, it was discovered that it was the action of USSR solider that shot down the U-2 airplane, not Castro. Soviet soldiers shot down the U-2 airplane without the order from Castro. -In addition to U-2 Airplane, another incident during the negotiations was that Castro sent letter to Khrushchev, suggesting a first nuclear strike on US. -Castros action stunned Khrushchev, and from that time, Khrushchev sorted him as young and emotionally charged man who was too inexperienced. Ending Stage Resolution of Crisis and Negotiations -Despite tension-heightening actions during the negotiations, the Cuban Missile Crisis was heading towards the end. -Mutual solution was achieved by the proposal message of Khrushchev on 26. Oct. 1962, and by the acceptance response of Kennedy in 27. Oct. 1962. -The solution was concluded that USSR would depart nuclear warheads out of Cuba under UN supervision, and in return, US would dismiss naval blockade of island and promise never to invade Cuba again. -On 28. Oct. 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis came to an end as Moscow broadcasted that Khrushchev has decided to de-install nuclear bases in Cuba and return them to USSR. -However, throughout the whole period of negotiation of the Crisis, the table of negotiation involved only two superpowers, leaving out Castro. -The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis was a shock and humiliation to Castro, as he was not given rights to speak for he has been excluded from the negotiations. Evaluation of Sources Analysis Firstly, in the background stage of Cuban Missile Crisis, the role of Castro seems to be influential with the reasons being that he has made successful alliance with USSR and consented to its plan, thereby bringing in nuclear warheads for the sole purpose of protecting Castros government against US. Nevertheless, the significance of Castros role may be limited since it is difficult to see Khrushchevs purpose of alliance with the supply of nuclear warheads as a plan to simply protect Castro and Cuba from US. Within a big picture, it is more likely that USSR is trying to maintain the balance of power of the superpowers, because USSR was in imbalance of strategy with US before the Cuban Missile Crisis, for US was surrounding USSR military bases in the region of Turkey. Therefore, USSRs sending nuclear missiles is to let US learn what it is like to have their land and people put in danger. Moreover, the superpowers secret negotiation in Oct 1962 in which USSR would take back nuclear when US promises to remove blockade of USSR military bases in Turkey makes it more clear that the USSR alliance and supply of nuclear warheads to Cuba are more reasonable when they reflected by USSRs sole interests rather than of Castros. Secondly, in the climax stage of Cuban Missile Crisis, which was during late October 1962, US U-2 airplane was shot down in Cuba. Castro was suspected as in taking his role in crashing US U-2 airplane, as Khrushchev notes that Fidel Castro gave orders to USSR soldiers to put down US U-2 airplane. The role that Castro played in the Cuban Missile Crisis would have been significantly large as it would end the diplomatic negotiations around the Crisis and start a total confrontation of nuclear weapons between the superpowers. However, after further investigation, as it is proven that Soviet soldiers crashed U-2 airplane with no orders from Castro, his role in the Crisis cannot be given any significance as he has not taken any action. Furthermore, role of Castro is related with his suggestion to USSR to launch first nuclear strike attack on US. However, not only was his role proven to be insignificant as Khrushchev rejected to accommodate his suggestion of plan, but Castros over-eagerness in advocating nuclear war ironically reminded Khrushchev of the significance of preserving the peace of the world, thereby contributing to the peaceful outcome by the crisis resolution in 26,27th Oct 1962. Lastly, in the ending stage with the resolution of the crisis and negotiations, Castros exclusion from the USSR-US negotiations of the Cuban Missile Crisis is the crucial indication that shows political insignificance of Castro in the role of the Crisis. Because Castro was not invited, there is no influence from his voice that would have shaped the outcome of the negotiations in the Crisis. Castro was informed of Khrushchevs announcement of removal of all nuclear warheads and the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis on the radio after the day of the negotiations, just like everyone else in the world. This suggests that to the behalf of USSR and US, in the concern of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Castro was significant no more than just an ordinary Cuban citizen. Many US politicians at the time of the Crisis agree upon the fact that Cuba was just a background setting for the US-USSR confrontation. Indeed, Castro could not take any significant role in the Crisis because the conflict was solely between the United States and the Soviet Union.  [1]   On the other hand, however, Khrushchev mentioned in the memoir that Cuban Castro actually played important role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev states that Castro was fully responsible for the crash of U-2 airplane, and his support of nuclear war has encouraged and made USSR to consider about launching an unexpected attack on US. However, as it has been found out that the crash of U-2 plane did not involve Castro in any aspect, and that Khrushchev has made such statements without specific and clear details in his memoir, it is hard to accept that Castro was significant in his role of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Conclusion Throughout the whole stages of the Cuban Missile Crisis from the background to the ending, the role of Castro has been overshadowed by the roles of USSR and US. In the background stage, it was Khrushchev who planned and carried out the shipment of nuclear warheads into Cuba to trigger the crisis. Also, in the climax stage, Castros possible significant role in U-2 airplane shoot down was proven to be wrong as Castro has found to be unrelated with the incident. As Bonsal argues, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a conflict that only involved USSR and US. The view is justified as we look into possibilities that Khrushchev has deployed his nuclear warheads for different motives other than to protect Castro from US and when we consider Castros exclusion from the negotiation table. In conclusion, the extent of Fidel Castros significance in his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis is absolutely limited. Castro, Fidel, and Ignacio Ramonet. Fidel Castro: My Life: A Spoken Autobiography. New York: Scribner, 2008. Print. Coltman, Leycester. The Real Fidel Castro. 1st ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. Print. Connolly, Sean. Castro: A Beginners Guide. London: Hodder Headline, 2002. Print. Dobbs, Michael. One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Knopf, 2008. Print. Griffiths, John. The Cuban Missile Crisis. Vero Beach, Florida: Rourke Pub Group, 1987. Print. Kagan, Donald. On the Origins of War: And the Preservation of Peace. New York: Anchor, 1996. Print. Kennedy, Robert F.. Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crises. New York: Signet, 1983. Print. Skierka, Volker. Fidel Castro: A Biography. University Park, PA: Polity, 2004. Print. Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2003. Print. Winters, Paul A.. Historys Great Defeats The Cold War (Historys Great Defeats). 1 ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books, 2000. Print.

Nanotheranostic Approach for Cancer Therapy and Imaging

Nanotheranostic Approach for Cancer Therapy and Imaging HER 2 conjugated multifunctional cubic phase nanoparticles (CPNPs): A nanotheranostic approach for cancer therapy and imaging Abstract Recently, cubic phase nanoparticulate systems are used as attractive vehicle in drug delivery research due to sustained release of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs for cancer therapy. Currently, theranostic approach also emerged as frontier proposition for cancer therapeutics and diagnostics for better cancer management. Moreover, targeted drug delivery systems may be applied to increase the therapeutic index of the drugs and imaging agents at the targeted site. With an aim to develop a theranostic nanoformulation capable of drug delivery and imaging in a single shot, in the present study, HER 2 antibody conjugated cubic phase nanoparticles (CPNPs) were prepared by entrapping rapamycin (as a model anticancer drug) and QD 605 (as an imaging agent). The physicochemical characterisations of CPNPs were performed by different techniques. The antibody conjugated to CPNPs was confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectral analysis. In vitro studies were performed and demonstrated that, HER 2 conjugated rapamycin loaded CPNPs showed improved therapeutic efficacy than that of native rapamycin and rapamycin loaded CPNPs in HER 2 positive SKBr 3 cell line following enhanced cellular uptake through receptor mediated endocytosis. The molecular mechanisms of the particulate system on different signalling pathways were evaluated by western blot analysis. Further, the use of above system as an imaging modality was elucidated through optical imaging under in vitro system. Thus, these multifunctional CPNPs can be used as an effective targeted drug delivery system for cancer therapy and diagnosis in coming future. Introduction The life threatening disease cancer now becomes a challenge for survival worldwide due to its high mortality rate. So to achieve a better treatment modality, researchers are trying to develop new methodology for better management of cancer. Though chemotherapeutic agents are effective to some extent, however, clinical applications of these anticancer drugs are remained as a major problem due to their hydrophobic nature, low accessibility at the targeted site and dose limiting toxicity. With cancer tissues these drugs also affect the normal tissues with detrimental side effects [1, 2]. To overcome the lack of tumor specificity of cancer chemotherapy and diagnosis, till date nanomedicinal approaches have emerged as a hope for better therapeutics in cancer by using different nanocarriers like micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanoparticles consisting of biodegradable polymers etc. These approaches ultimately enhance the therapeutic potentiality of the drug in a sustaine d, controlled and targeted manner for longer period of time reducing the lethal side effects arose due to the drugs [3-5]. Recently, due to the capability to solubilise the hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules, cubic phase nanoparticulate systems are used as attractive vehicle in controlled drug delivery research [6]. In this regard, glyceryl monooleate (GMO) a synthetic lipid amphiphilic molecule approved by food and drug administration is known to form different lyotropic liquid crystalline phases depending upon water content. The cubic phase formed from GMO is a three dimensional network of curved lipid bilayers separated by intricate network of congruent water channels, now has been used for controlled drug delivery of different water soluble and insoluble drugs in the form of CPNPs [7, 8]. The use of surfactants may modulate the phase behaviour by controlling the shape and size of the nanoparticles which is an important parameter to cross different physiological barriers. In this current scenario, usually the surfactants like poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), tween 80, Pluronic F-127, Pluronic F-68, polysorbate 80 and vitamin-E TPGS etc are used as stabilisers in clinical studies to increase the therapeutic efficacy of the drug at the tumor site. In this regard, Barauskas et al have demonstrated that using Pluronic F-127 as a stabilising agent, stable aqueous nanoparticle dispersions may be obtained from the cubic phase of GMO [9]. Also it is shown that Pluronic F-127 through passive targeting can enhance the transportation of the drug towards cancerous tissues by inhibiting the drug efflux transporters [10]. Similarly, a well known natural polymer vitamin-E TPGS due to its biocompatible nature and excellent emulsifier in nanotechnology, is used for lipid-based drug delivery formulations. Moreover, also it can be used as an absorption enhancer and bioavailability promoter and facilitates the nanoparticles for carrying the drugs through gastrointestinal barrier. Apart from the above properties, recently vitamin-E TPGS is reported to inhibit p-gp pump effectively [11-13]. Recently, rapamycin and it analogs has been shown to inhibit the cancer cell growth obtained from breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, rehabdomyosarcoma, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, leukemia and ÃŽ ²-cell lymphoma. Rapamycin is a cytostatic agent and it shows its function by arresting the cells in G1 phase of cell cycle. The antitumor activity of rapamycin is found by blocking mTOR pathway, proposed to be an important target for treatment of cancer due to its involvement in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis on aberrant activation [14-16]. In spite of having potent anticancer effects of rapamycin, the clinical application is restricted due to its low bioavailability and hydrophobic nature [17]. In this milieu, nowadays different nanoparticulate systems are being used by different group of researchers to improve the therapeutic efficacy of rapamycin with a smaller dose for longer period of time in a controlled manner [2, 18]. Targeted drug deliver y vehicles are now emerged for improvement of treatment modality of the therapeutic agents and/or imaging agents strictly localising its pharmacological activity at the site of action through active targeting [1]. The surfaces of nanoparticles are decorated with peripheral ligands which bind specifically to the receptors those are over expressed in cancer cells arbitrating ligand-receptor interaction. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER 2), tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor are highly expressed in different types of cancers like breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, glioblastoma, ovarian cancer etc. Humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) trastuzumab (Herceptin) was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials and it exclusively binds to HER 2 receptors preventing the cell growth in breast cancers. Targeted drug delivery with the help of mAb has drawn attention as an alternative approach for antibody mediated drug delivery of the chemotherapeutic agents for effective clinical translation [19, 20]. Nowadays optical imaging has been explored in biomedical research due to its high sensitivity, cost effectiveness, portability and lack of radiation and it shows marvellous implication by providing information for both in vitro and in vivo studies [21, 22]. The development of light emitting semiconductor nanocrystals known as quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as one of the most exciting interface of nanotechnology due to its unique optical and chemical properties over organic dyes. The unique properties of these QDs lead powerfully to study in molecular, cellular and in vivo imaging with advantages including narrow, symmetrical and tunable emission spectra according to their size and material composition, broad absorption spectra, high quantum yield, extremely photostable, more brightness and resistance to chemical degradation [23, 24]. In this study, we have formulated a theranostic nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery and imaging in treatment of cancer. Here, preparation and characterisation of HER 2 conjugated rapamycin and QD 605 loaded CPNPs based on GMO was done by blending pluronic F-127, vitamin-E TPGS, TPGS-HER 2 as a targeting moiety. Therapeutic evaluation of our formulated CPNPs was performed by taking both HER 2 positive and negative cell line through different in vitro experiments. Results confirmed that HER 2 conjugated rapamycin loaded CPNPs due to their higher uptake through receptor mediated endocytosis were more effective than that of unconjugated CPNPs and native drug treated case. Furthermore, in vitro cellular imaging study of formulated multifunctional CPNPs was validated by confocal microscopy and the results suggested that this multifunctional particulate system can act as a single bullet capable of obtaining a new concept for better therapeutics and diagnostics in cancer.

Jack Kerouac’s On The Road - Ranting of a Maniac or Precise Interpreta

Jack Kerouac's On the Road:   Ranting of a Maniac or Precise Interpretation of Reality?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jack Kerouac's On the Road is considered the bible of the Beat Generation, illustrating the wild, wandering, and reckless lifestyle chosen by many young people of the time. Despite all of Dean and Sal's partying and pleasure-cruising, On the Road ends up being a sad and disturbing story. During all the trips, through the good times and the bad times, there is a sense of darkness and foreboding following in the wake. Kerouac's point was not to put on display the wild and good times the Beats were having, but rather to expose their way of life as a simple flight from reality and responsibility. The sadness of this novel is due to the accumulation of consequences stemming from the characters' irresponsibility and general lack of direction. Dean and Sal, however, never fully admit this to themselves. Part of the story's beauty is Sal's non-judgmental narrative. To preserve this, Kerouac must carefully incorporate these views while leaving Sal somewhat oblivious to them. This is done usin g other characters to implant the notion of looming responsibility and reality into the story, and to communicate to the reader that life really is more serious than Sal admits in his narration. While Dean's home base is a wife's house throughout most of the story, Sal has his aunt, a dependable and caring woman who vocalizes her opinions of his lifestyle and friends. Chapter Five begins with Sal's brief discussion of her feelings. "My aunt said I was wasting my time hanging around with Dean and his gang. I knew that was wrong, too. Life is life, and kind is kind. (129)" Here Kerouac uses Sal's own commentary to get his point across. While Sal ... ...een set aside. Carlo continues his speech: "The days of wrath are yet to come. The balloon won't sustain you much longer.... You'll all go flying to the West Coast and come staggering back in search of your stone. (130)" Is this the ranting of a maniacal typist, or a precise interpretation of reality cleverly inserted by the author? Kerouac's method of inserting ideas through Sal's narration allows him to incorporate an important differing point of view that Sal is incapable of until the very end of the story. Had Kerouac not wanted to communicate these ideas, Sal could just as easily have not mentioned these instances, or described them in a different light. Without the opinions of these other characters, the book would be one-sided, and quite a bit more shallow in its message. Works Cited: Kerouac, Jack.On the Road. New York: Penguin Books, 1975.

The Mixology of Philosophies Essay -- Education Teaching Careers Essay

The Mixology of Philosophies In our time of uncertainty one of the most stable institutions is the school system for children. Thus, being a teacher and providing the most stable atmosphere along with providing the children with an education must be handled delicately. I believe a mixture of essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, behaviorism, and social reconstrctonism is essential in achieving those goals. I believe that some knowledge is relevant to the time and place, but some knowledge is constant. Essentialism’s views of â€Å"back-to-basics† are appealing to me in regards to mathematics, history, reading and literature. These elements should be the basic focus of early education. A mastery of these constant basic skills transcends to all other subjects. On the other hand, some knowledge is not constant. John Dewy and his belief that change is the only constant blends well with the abstract aspect of science, health, art, music, and social sciences. Take for example the concept of elements. The ancient Greeks viewed it as wind, earth, fire, and water, and these elements made up the universe. We know today that this is not true, and that is actually one hundred nine elements existing on the periodic table. This is why I believe a mixture of change with constants is necessary when developing a map or blue print of knowledge or truth. Sometimes knowled ge is constant but other times it is changing or plastic. Student like clouds are individual and ever changing therefore the school systems need to adapt to the children’s individual needs and educational requirements. The perennialism use of â€Å"great books† in education is a good way to combat the child’s needs. Adapting the stud... ...sm, behaviorism, and social reconstructionism one can begin in one of the most difficult jobs on the face of this wondrous and troubled earth in which we are inhabitants. I plan to never stop learning. I feel I have a thrust for knowledge that can never be quenched. I plan to graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree in elementary education. Upon completing that degree I plan to share the wealth of knowledge I have attained. I plan to start teaching in or around the Appalachian area. I would like to stay in West Virginia, but for reason unknown I would be prepared to move to western Virginia, eastern Kentucky, or northern North Carolina. I then plan to enroll in graduate school to receive my masters, and then I wish to complete my education with a doctoral degree. I wish that one-day to help inspire the future teachers of America or the world.

Religion and the Igbo People :: Essays Papers

Religion and the Igbo People The Igbo are a profoundly religious people who believe in a benevolent creator, usually known as Chukwu, who created the visible universe (uwa). Opposing this force for good is agbara, meaning spirit or supernatural being. In some situations people are referred to as agbara in describing an almost impossible feat performed by them. In a common phrase the igbo people will say Bekee wu agbara. This means the white man is spirit. This is usually in amazement at the scientific inventions of the white man. Apart from the natural level of the universe, they also believe that it exists on another level, that of the spiritual forces, the alusi. The alusi are minor deities, and are forces for blessing or destruction, depending on circumstances. They punish social offences and those who unwittingly infringe their privileges. The role of the diviner is to interpret the wishes of the alusi, and the role of the priest is to placate them with sacrifices. Either a priest is chosen through hereditary lineage or he is chosen by a particular god for his service, usually after passing through a number of mystical experiences. Each person also has a personalised providence, which comes from Chukwu, and returns to him at the time of death, a chi. This chi may be good or bad. There is a strong Igbo belief that the spirits of one's ancestors keep a constant watch over you. The living show appreciation for the dead and pray to them for future well being. It is against tribal law to speak badly of a spirit. Those ancestors who lived well, died in socially approved ways, and were given correct burial rites, live in one of the worlds of the dead, which mirror the worlds of the living. They are periodically reincarnated among the living and are given the name ndichie – the returners. Those who died bad deaths and lack correct burial rites cannot return to the world of the living, or enter that of the dead. They wander homeless, expressing their grief by causing harm among the living. The funeral ceremonies and burials of the Igbo people are extremely complex, the most elaborate of all being the funeral of a chief. However, there are several kinds of deaths that are considered shameful, and in these circumstances no burial is provided at all. Women who die in labour, children who die before they have no teeth, those who commit suicide and those who die in the sacred month – for these people their funeral ceremony consists of being thrown into a bush.

Computer and Information System Essay

The single information technology system that holds the most potential for my organization is Electronic Health Records (EHR). The organization I am associated with is a small orthopedic surgery practice that houses five physicians. Each physician operates as an independent private corporation and maintains an individual chart for each patient. If a patient visits multiple physicians within the clinic, the patient will have multiple charts. The medical records area houses all the charts for all the physicians. An EHR system would reduce storage space, allow physicians to have better information access when treating patients already seen by other physicians within the clinic, and reduce costs in supplies for paper charts and medical records personnel. EHR systems are supposed to increase the quality of patient care and revitalize practices by saving the health care system by 77. 8 billion annually (Baron, 2005). Approximately 78% of physicians in the United States operate in practices with fewer than eight physicians (Baron, 2005). Therefore, overcoming and understanding the obstacles these small practices face will be essential in successful EHR systems. EHR systems work to help reduce repetitive processes such as prescription refills and documenting, real-time, conversations with patients for better continuity of care. The major barriers of EHR systems are initial costs, training, and long-term support. In all, an EHR system would allow physicians in our small practice to communicate more clearly with patients on the telephone, transmit important information efficiently to other specialists, spend less time paging through charts for obscure lab values, and allow physician’s access to current health information without having to leave the room and interrupt a patient encounter. By far, an EHR system would have the single most impact in my organization.

Title: Being an Inspirational Teacher and Maintaining the Passion.

OUTLINE Title: Being an Inspirational Teacher and Maintaining The Passion. Introductory Paragraphs a)General Ideas ? Teacher is an amazing profession in which you can change the lives of hundreds. They can mould beliefs and behaviors, setting an example to follow. ? To motivate students to learn different things. This may seems easy for teachers but there direct impact on careers. Many teachers start out with a great passion for the profession, but it can be a difficult job when students lack some physical or mental capabilities. b)Thesis Statement (Specific Idea) Opportunity to share your passion and foster it in others. Teachers are able to get the best out of the people they teach and they are profoundly admired. Body Paragraph 1 (a)Topic Sentence ? Being a teacher will inspire others. By sharing your knowledge and attention with your students, you'll influence who and what they will become – not only in the professional realm, but also personally. (b)Supporting Details (el aboration) ?A good teacher will constantly update material and methods. ?Inspirational teacher must always be in fashion to attract students. Must update their own knowledge as well. ?Be a coach and a model to the students. ?Can change a child's life for the better future – You may be the only one who believes in them and encourages them to do their best. ?Incorporate some of the positive changes that you wish you had experienced in the classroom as a child to the students. Body Paragraph 2 (a)Topic Sentence ?As the time passes, some may find their passion on teaching started to wane. which can be counterproductive both to them and their students. However, there are things you can do to help yourself maintain a passion for teaching. b)Supporting Details (elaboration) ?Remember why you got into teaching in the first place. ?Spend time thinking about the children and how you can make a difference in their lives. ?Think about the successes that you’ve had – childre n that accomplished more than they thought they could because of you. Remember those times and cherish them. ? Change your lesson plans. See if you can improve them or add some fun to them. ?Creating new plans that the students might better appreciate might help to maintain your passion – You never realize how fun you can make teaching until you actually try.Body Paragraph 3 (a)Topic Sentence ?Finally, you'll have the opportunity to further hone your skills and develop advanced training. Share your passion and inspiring others, helping students is actually helping your selves too. (b)Supporting Details (elaboration) ?Change the Future of Education. ? By fostering an environment of creativity, professionalism, and sharing, you'll have the opportunity to be part of a vibrant community of educators. ?Different joys and challenges, you'll never be bored. – Because you'll most likely have an entirely new group of students every year.Conclusion (a)Restart/rephrase of the the sis statement ?Teaching is a wonderful field in which many people really do make a difference. ?Remember what you’ve done as well as changing things in the present helps you keep your passion for teaching. (b)Prediction or opinion ?Inspirational teacher must possess intelligence, knowledge, and a variety of skills. ?People became a teachers or lecturers because they themselves had an inspirational teacher. So it is not genetic, but it certainly is passed on traits.

Are Test Scores a Good Indication of a Student’s Competency?

Are test scores a good indication of a student's competency? Nowadays, many students spend all their time in learning the courses and preparing the tests, and they don't have any time to take part in other activities. Is this phenomenon good or not? However, are test scores a good indication of a student's competency? Opinions vary from person to person. As far as I am concerned, test scores are not the only standard of evaluation, but it is still very important. First of all, not only those who get very high test scores can achieve success.Test scores only stands for a small part of one's competency. Test score is a reflection of your daily study. A good examination results indicates that you study hard, know how to go ahead and be different with those who lives without any aims. Scores themselves aren't what count, it's the fact that you are a person of ability or not. For example, the college entrance examination score of Jiang Fangzhou, who is a talent young writer, was not so hi gh. But Because of his outstanding writing ability she was unconventional admitted by Tsinghua University.Besides, the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Mo Yan, but he had only primary education. On the other hand, high test score does not always represent a very strong personal capacity. â€Å"High scores and low abilities† is a new phrase in china. Xiao Li, a graduate who was freshly out of school, hasn’t found a job yet. He said, â€Å"I can’t do anything except studying, especially interpersonal skills and the ability of living independence. Maybe because my ‘High scores and low abilities’, I can’t get an offer from any company. When you are a person who has no other ability, test score can be a standard to evaluate your ability. But when you enter the society, maybe it is meaningless. It just represents your history, and you need to have various other abilities, such as practice ability, innovation ability, target power and interpersonal communication ability. Thirdly, test score is not a capital, but some time it is the knocking brick of success. Test score is still an important standard of selecting candidates in today's china.For example, in most cases, the college entrance examination and the civil servants examination are completely according to the examination scores for students' admission. In addition, many employers choose better employees in according to their test scores. So to most ordinary people, if we have high scores, we can have more opportunities All in all, test scores are not the only standard of evaluation. But under the exam-oriented education, we must have a high score, only then we can be recognized by the society. Of course, we should not only manage to get high test scores, but also improve our other abilities as far as possible.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

In 1962, the US Supreme Court had decided over the Baker v. Carr case. The Baker v. Carr case was a landmark US Supreme Court case which at last withdrawn from its political question doctrine to come to a decision about the reapportionment concerns. The said case was brought up by the urban voters in opposition to the Tennessee Secretary of State and Attorney Gen. in the United States District Court of Middle Tennessee. Tennessee was unsuccessful to reallocate the state legislature for about 60 years in spite of the growth of the population and redeployment.Charles Baker was a voter who filed a case against the state-and Joe Carr was a state officer who was in command of elections- in federal district court. Moreover, before the US Supreme Court gives their decision about the case, majority of the legislative districts throughout Ohio and in several states didn’t have the same numbers in terms of their population rates (see â€Å"Baker v. Carr†. The Columbia Encyclopedi a, Sixth Ed. P. 3865, 2004). This would definitely signify that a representative may possibly represent about 100,000 populations in each district whereas the others may possibly represent 500,000.In Ohio, every country had its own right to have a legislator in the Ohio government prior to Baker v. Carr. During 1960, Franklin County had more than 300,000 inhabitants whereas Vinton County had merely 11,000 populaces. In the previous system, every country has a legislator but in Baker v. Carr case, each county did not longer have the right to receive a legislator (see â€Å"Baker v. Carr†. OhioHistoryCentral. org, 2006). The focal points of this study are to:(1) know the historical background on Baker v.Carr case;(2) discuss the facts of the case and its court’s ruling and;(3) be aware of the impact of Baker and Carr case on American government and society.Discussion A. Historical BackgroundThe complainant Charles Baker resided in Shelby County, Tennessee- the county whe re Memphis is situated- and was a Republican. Baker’s protest was that even though the Tennessee State Constitution necessitated that legislative districts be redrawn after 10 years as stated by the federal survey to give districts of substantively even inhabitants, , Tennessee was unable to redistrict since from the population count during 1900.During the court case of Baker, the district of Shelby County-where Baker resides- had more populations just like other rural districts have. Baker’s argument pointed out that this inconsistency caused him unable to have the â€Å"equal protection under the laws† as stated by the Fourteenth Amendment. On the other hand, Joe Carr was litigated in his status as the Secretary of States for Tennessee. Joe Carr did not set the district lines because it was done by the state parliament but then, a case was filed against him as the person who was the most liable and accountable for the district maps’ publication and for conducting elections in the state.The State of Tennessee claimed and disputed that legislative districts were fundamentally political and not judicial as had been engrossed by a number of Court’s opinion in Colegrove v. Green in 1946 which Justice Felix Frankfurter announced that: â€Å"Courts ought not to enter this political market† (see â€Å"U. S. Supreme Court: baker v. Carr, 369 U. U. 186 (1962). † Findlaw. com, 2006). B. The Facts of the Case Charles W. Baker and several Tennessee inhabitants suspected that a 1901 decree designed to allocate the seats for the General Assembly of the state was practically disregarded.The lawsuit of Baker comprehensively discussed on how the reapportionment efforts of Tennessee disregard substantial and important economic development and population modification within the state (see â€Å"Baker v. Carr 369 U. S. 186 (1962)†. Oyez. org). C. Court’s Ruling C. 1 The Laws Applied: *U. S. Const. amend. XIV; U. S. C onst. art. III *42 U. S. C. 1983; Tenn. Const. art.The most awaited result was finally given in March 1962, almost a year after it was originally disputed. The ruling of Baker v. Carr was considered as one of the major wrenching in the history of the Court.The Supreme Court stated that the federal courts have the authority to regulate and decide the constitutionality of the voting of a state’s districts as stated in a 6-2 ruling. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. put in writing the common opinion, declaring that the constitutional right of the complainant or plaintiff to receive their votes count impartially provided them the essential and required lawful interest to carry out the court case. He disputed that the case did not include a â€Å"political question† which stopped and prohibited judicial review.A court may possibly regulate the constitutionality of the apportionment decisions’ of the State without intervening with the political judgments of the legislat ure. Moreover, Baker v. Carr case was sent back to the federal court (see â€Å"Baker v. Carr (1962). Infoplease, Pearson Education 2005). Justice William O. Douglas wrote down conforming judgment. He announced that: â€Å"If a voter does not anymore have the full constitutional value of his franchise (right to vote), and the legislative branch fails to take appropriate restorative action, the doors of the courts must be open† (see â€Å"Baker v. Carr (1962). Infoplease, Pearson Education 2005).However, in a conflicting view, Justice John Harlan II disputed and wrote that: â€Å"The federal equal protection clause does not prevent a State from choosing any electoral legislative structure it thinks best suited to the interests, temper, and customs of its people. If a state chose to distribute electoral strength among geographical units, rather than according to a census of population is†¦ a rational decision policy†¦ entitled to equal respect from this Court† (see â€Å"Baker v. Carr (1962).  Infoplease, Pearson Education 2005).ConclusionThe court declared that there were no questions that need to be answered in Baker v. Carr case and the parliamentary apportionment was a justified concern. Justice William Brennan had cited previous cases in which the Court interfered to amend constitutional infringements in issues which pertain to state government and the officials by whom state affairs are organized (see â€Å"Baker v. Carr 369 U. S. 186 (1962)†. Oyez. org). D. The impact of Baker and Carr case on American Government and SocietyThe impact of Baker and Carr case on American government and society was that the said landmark decision had made a way for many lawsuits on legislative apportionment. Because of the Baker v. Carr case, by the year of 1967, voters from Ohio altered and revised the state constitution. The revision made a ninety-nine seat state House and a thirty-three seat state Senate. The said revision set up and cr eated too that every representative and senator should receive about the similar number of populations as required by the US Supreme Court. The Baler and Carr case and the modified constitution of Ohio was an uninterrupted outcome of urbanization.In the middle of the 20th century, several individuals departed from rural areas and transferred to cities. The major cause for the said relocation was the deteriorating chances in the countryside. While in the cities, they ever more provided good high paying jobs and various employment opportunities. In Baker v. Carr case, the U. S. Supreme Court tried to make an effort to amend the subsequent dilemmas in political representation (see â€Å"Baker v. Carr†. OhioHistoryCentral. org, 2006).References:1. â€Å"Baker v. Carr†. OhioHistoryCentral. org, 2006. http://www. ohiohistorycentral. org/entry. php? rec=1399.2. â€Å"U. S. Supreme Court: baker v. Carr, 369 U. U. 186 (1962). † Findlaw. com, 2006. http://caselaw. lp. fin dlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=369&invol=186.3. â€Å"Baker v. Carr 369 U. S. 186 (1962)†. Oyez. org. http://www. oyez. org/oyez/resource/case/25/.4. â€Å"Baker v. Carr (1962). Infoplease, Pearson Education 2005. http://www. infoplease. com/us/supreme-court/cases/ar02. html.5. â€Å"Baker v. Carr†. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Ed. P. 3865. Columbia University Press, New York, 2004).

Crown Cork & Seal in 1989 Business strategy Case Study

Crown Cork & Seal in 1989 Business strategy - Case Study Example The economic analysis deals with the opportunity costs of resources being used along with attempting to measure the social and private costs as well as benefits in monetary terms of a project to the economy. The Crown Cork and Seal attempted to locate its business towards the areas that were closer to the customers. For the purpose of forecasting of the transportation costs of the company, the distance of about 150 to 300 miles was considered to be economical between the location of customers and the placement of plant. In addition to this, the company managed to decrease its transportation cost that was roughly estimated to be 7.5%. In addition to this, the company changed its ingredient of making cans from the use of steel to aluminium. This resulted in decreasing the weight of the cans along with reduction in the shipment cost of these cans relative to the cans produced before by the company. Furthermore, due to the shipment of steel cans in the international markets, the company suffered uneconomical circumstances due to the increase in shipment costs. For this reason, the company attempted to make joint ventures in terms of affiliation with US can manufacturers, foreign subsidiaries as well as local foreign firms in order to cater the foreign markets (Bradley S., 2005). Political: Political environment can be referred to as an immediate impact of the political parties possessing authority, representing the popular perceptions given by the citizens of the area (Export Help). It has been seen that the developments of legislations were unfavorable for metal can industry in USA (Bradley S., 2005). Social Cultural Environment: In this case, the chief executive officer attempted to bring together two companies possessing distinctive cultural and social backgrounds irrespective of the fact that the past mergers were undoubtedly unsuccessful. This impossible challenge was accepted by Avery in order to capture the markets of Canada and to expand its operations furt her. Moreover, there were numerous

Introduction to the global economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to the global economy - Essay Example The WTO greements ssist the ctivities of trnsntionl enterprises, the principl plyers in globliztion, nd the Uruguy Round confirmed this liberliztion. From the Genev Round in 1947 to tht of the Uruguy Round in 1986-1994, the level of triffs pplied to industril products hs fllen from 40 per cent to 3.8 per cent, nd the reduced triffs tht hve been consolidted hve fcilitted the estblishment of trnsntionl economy. In the following pper I will further discuss the importnt of GTT nd WOT for interntionl trde. The nlysis will include historicl bckground of orgniztions followed by explntion of GTT replced by WTO nd generl results of such trnsformtion nd concluded by the short nd long term consequences of WTO's running. The GTT hs been clled "remrkble success history of post-wr interntionl orgniztion tht ws never intended to become one" (Grhm, 1983: 124). It strted out in 1947 s set of rules to ensure nondiscrimintion, trnsprent procedures, the settlement of disputes nd the prticiption of the lesser-developed countries in interntionl trde. To increse trde, GTT used triffs concessions, through which member countries greed to limit the level of triffs they would impose on imports from other GTT members. n importnt tool is the Most-Fvored Ntion (MFN) cluse, which clls for ech member country to grnt every other member country the sme most fvorble tretment tht it ccords to ny other country with respect to imports nd exports. (Brber, 1982: 9). MFN, in effect, provides for equl, rther thn specil, tretment. The GTT ws built on severl principles: 1. The Most Fvoured Ntion (MFN) cluse, which ensures non-discrimintory tretment. This principle, ccording to which ll dvntges, fvours, privileges or immunities grnted by one contrcting prty to product originting from or destined for ny other country shll, immeditely nd unconditionlly, be extended for the sme tretment to ny similr product originting or destined for the territory of ll other contrcting prties promotes the cuse of liberliztion. This principle reduced the trnsction costs of the negotitions for the members. ll countries hving n interest in product nd seeking to improve ccess to it in n exporting country nd hving negotited this concession, must ccord the sme to every other country. 2. The second principle of this system is tht of ntionl tretment nd is intended to complement the MFN cluse. It stipultes tht every imported product fter pyment of the customs duties must not receive less fvourble tretment thn locl product. Ech member stte is obliged to tret locl nd imported products in the sme wy. 3. The third principle is tht of trnsprency. The Mrrkesh greements reinforce trnsprency by djusting notifiction nd informtion procedures. ll lws nd regultions must be published, in order to enble other members to consult them nd ensure tht they conform to the previling legl texts in force. Trnsprency is lso the im of the review mechnism of trde policies. This enbles WTO members to exmine the implementtion of the trde policy of member stte or group of countries within regionl greement. It gives more trnsprency to trde policies. t present, the trde policies of the four biggest exporters - the United Sttes, the Europen Union, Jpn nd Cnd - re exmined every two yers, those of the sixteen other lrgest exporters every four yers, nd those of developing countries every six

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Benchmark Assessment - Essay Example She has not expressed any concerns with these issues for this year. On the part of the teacher, this was negligence of duty since it should be her duty to supervise fully the work of all the students and not only a section of the class. Paulson may face interdiction as she ignored the rule of ethical behavior while on duty. She has completely ignored her duty of supervision and allowed the students to have access to pornographic photos that is completely acceptable both in the schools and even lawfully in the society. Though she knew it was difficult to manage and supervise the class, she did not express any concerns with these issues for this year meaning this was a total neglect of duty on her part. However, Ms. Paulson has a right to fair trial before the disciplinary committee since even the principal was aware of the difficult situation Paulson was passing through as he had dropped in on two separate occasions and observed her working with individual students while the rest of the class was left largely unsupervised Instructional leadership is a very important factor that the principals should consider facilitating, improve and even promote the academic performance of their students. As an instructional leader most principals have failed to evaluate and assess effectively most of the students at risk situations, they also fail to show focus on how to exhibit expectations or in displaying the instructional commands (Daniel, Sornette & Woehrmann, 2009). For the schools where the students at risk are making academic gains, principals do for the teachers what effective teachers do for their student and constantly monitor the progress of their teachers and their students. This litany of characteristics has been identified through most of the research on the school performance, improvements and even on the instructional leaders

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Nestle Profit Making - Essay Example His stance regarding that there is no social responsibility inherent for corporations directly coincides with the idea that was presented by Milton Friedman in that private expenditures on social or environmental objectives represents dollars stolen from the pockets of shareholders and employees. (Redman, 2006 p 96) This theory is a principle approach by Milton Friedman and in many ways, it is a beneficial approach monetarily, at least initially. What is important to understand is that the sole purpose of many privately created companies is to generate profit. Because they are private they have no responsibility except to their employees and owners. However, publicly traded companies are increasingly being seen as having a greater social responsibility given their large number of â€Å"owners† via stock or shareholders. According to some corporate social responsibility is really just a brilliant marketing strategy, it serves purely to enhance the corporation’s image and increase market shares. (Pardy, 2009 p 9) This leads to the easy assumption that many corporate organizations actually embrace or more traditional model and that they simply market or outwardly represent a more beneficent model of corporate social responsibility. These organizations may not view efficiency as a type of CSR, simply because efficiency is a necessary operating approach for profit-making versus becoming efficient to reduce carbon emissions. However, even a small amount of community or social awareness and minor changes in approach can affect the long-term sustainability in such a way that it benefits everyone including the shareholders and the employees. There are the other CSR fields that are not directly climate or earth related and can affect the consumer base directly as well. If there is no desire to promote the health and well-being of the consumer base then there is the potential for a loss of market due to a sharp potential decline in the consumer base.

Quantitative Methods Exam Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitative Methods Exam - Term Paper Example This in the long run supports accuracy and exactness of research conducted. ( Thompson 2002) a. Process- pilot studies are conducted to determine the feasibility steps to be followed in the main study. Feasibility steps must have all the prerequisites of simple statistical techniques. When the feasibility steps are not as required, they may mislead the conclusion on whether the project can be undertaken or not. b. Management- Pilot studies help solve all the human and data management problems in all the participating centers of the research process like personnel and data. Management is mandatory in any research since together with planning one would be able to minimize all the costs of conducting research and bringing out the findings clearly. c. Resources- pilot studies save a lot of time and money by foreseeing research that can be unproductive if carried out since they provide enough data to researchers for decision-making. Decisions on the resources to employ and those not to employ can easily be made hence help save on the necessary costs. (Dunn & Clark 1994) I. Define the population concerned- This is the basis of a successful statistical practice as it includes the definition of the sample from which our sample is picked. This contains items with the desired characteristics desired by the body. The essence of this is that there are no enough resources to gather information from all the items in the population. II. Specify the sample frame. This includes a set of items, which would be measured. This helps in the identification of each single element to be included in the defined sample. This is appropriately done by listing all the elements of the population with their contact information. VI. Do the actual sampling and data collection. Good data collection will involve following the defined process, keeping data in a timely

Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Best Practices - Essay Example Moreover, as we all know that without contraries there is no progression. Thus, the notion of best practice becomes a deterrent for a progressive state and its citizens or employees. Thus programs, initiatives or activities which are considered leading edge, or exceptional models for others to follow, for achieving a minimum standard that are that are successful and sustainable in social and environmental terms and can be readily adopted by other individuals or organizations. Hence, it has basic links to Taylorism1, waste management, minimizing inefficiency and ultimately increasing labour output thus maximizing revenue. Another general aspect is about synthesizing an Organization's broad range of experience from programme, projects, and makes it widely available to all, from policy-makers to practitioners. Thus, "best practice" may be defined as a superior method or innovative practice that contributes to the improved performance of an organization, usually recognized as "best" by other peer organizations. However, in establishing something as a best practice, it raises serious issues about how we determine what is a best practice to begin with. Again, in understanding best practices in relation to Production and Operations Management industries one must first understand their core values with analogies. The assumptions about Production and Operations Management must be elaborated, first, to support or defy its stereotypical paradigms, by which they are established in the world of economics and corporate jargon. Production implies goods or services that must satisfy the human needs or requirement and by transforming resources to outputs in the form of goods or services by the means of physical resources or physically driven resources. But production management has intrinsic involvement with the value added processes by the productive use of resources. And management processes in case of high productivity always seeks to eliminate waste, use improved technology, better production and operations design, involve better leadership management, produce better quality of goods, reduce material input, improved utilization of resources, strategic reduction in working capital requirements, reduction in inventory size, and improvement in manpower skills through training to say the least. Thus, two main objectives of product and operations management involves are product selection and understanding the product life cycle within the organized unitary body of interacting components that are inter-dependen t and part of the suprasystem. This leads to process planning that assesses productibility. Nevertheless, management regarding best practices tends to value standardization against specialization. However, does true standardization restrict production Best practices are not always effective in every domain they are implemented. A related concern is that when network managers realize that multiple standards may be required to achieve their goals, they may become overwhelmed trying to discern the differences among popular frameworks and thus not effectively be able to implement best practices customized for their singular organization. Identification and implementation

Introduction and conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Marijuana legalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marijuana legalization - Research Paper Example Apparently, arrests on marijuana account for more than half of the drug convictions leading to overcrowding in prisons (Gerber 33). Legalization of the drug will cause a drop in the number of arrests. It also means that state governments will reduce expenditure on the fight against drugs. Economically stable countries have invested much on the fight against illegal drugs. Marijuana is most common among the young populations hence its legalization will prevent the use of other illegal hard drugs. Economically, States are bound to benefit from the production of legalized marijuana. Investors and entrepreneurs will come up with plantations of the drug causing an increase in incomes. The farms and industries will also create employment opportunities leading to improved lifestyles. After its legalizations, policies will be passed such as those used to control alcohol consumption. The states will benefit from fines since individuals will be charged with inappropriate consumption. Funds dedicated to the fight against the use of marijuana will be channeled to other public activities. Cannabis Sativa has been used for medicinal reasons for a long time. Medical research has shown that marijuana can be used to heal nausea caused by other major ailments. It has also been used on individuals suffering from fatigue to help them relax and prevent stress related disorders. Doctors have recommended that medical marijuana should be used to cause sleep in patients suffering from insomnia. Chemotherapy has been introduced in most hospitals due to the advancement in technology. On the contrary, it has side effects such as nausea and loss of appetite. Medical marijuana can be used on cancer patients to heal the impacts of chemotherapy. Legalization will prevent issues associated with black market because it will be readily available in hospitals (Morgan 36). Street related

Questions In E-Commerce Essay Example for Free

Questions In E-Commerce Essay Question 6 Resources are the financial, physical, human, technological, and organizational assets of a company. A distinctive competency is unique to a company and allows it to earn a profit rate that is above the industry average.   Distinctive competencies are the products and services that directly fulfill the organizations goals, and is what the company does uniquely well.   Therefore, resources used to create distinctive competencies are the fundamental building blocks of the company’s success.   A resource must be in demand, or scarce, or difficult and costly to imitate, or have no substitute to add to a company’s competitive advantage.    In addition, it is only those resources which directly contribute to the core competencies of a company that add to its competitive advantage. Question 7 The internet can both increase the difficulty of imitation for a company, and it can also make it easier for other companies to copy.   Some companies use the internet as a core resource.   An example is EBay, which would not exist if it were not for the internet. However, the fact that EBay functions via the internet remains one of its core resources.   It has proven incredibly difficult for competitors to imitate to provide the level of service and marketplace which EBay enjoys.   Of course, EBay is continuously improving upon this core resource.   On the other hand, the internet creates a basic platform for selling.   One of the impacts of the Internet on companies using barriers of imitation as a competitive advantage is that they must be constantly improving and developing their products and services.   The internet allows consumers to browse many companies offering the same services.   If a company is able to do something better, or offer a superior product, they must be able to show this over the internet.     A small fashion designer selling their products over the internet runs a great risk of being copied quickly.   This may provide greater incentive for the designer to be continuously creating new designs and styles. Question 8 The resource based view and market views of competitive advantage are complementary.   They can both be used by the same company to determine what its key competitive advantages are, and also help a company explore what new competitive advantages they may want to develop.   The resource based view looks at what the company has.   Its physical assets as well as it process assets.  Ã‚   What the company does uniquely well.  Ã‚   The market view of competitive advantage looks at the marketplace first.   It identifies the way the company markets itself or the consumer need it fulfills. When looking at a company from the market view, the question asked is â€Å"How is this company unique in the marketplace.†Ã‚   A company can benefit from taking both a resource-based view and a market view of competitive advantage.   A company can analyze its internal resources and identify the resources that are key to its success and fulfillment of the organizational goals.   When it performs this analysis, it knows which attributes it must keep in order to stay competitive.   It is able to identify its internal core competencies.   On the other hand, the company can analyze the marketplace.   It can identify its role ion the market.   Is it satisfying its customers?   In what ways?   What are the core strengths of the company in the market?    These are the core competencies of the organization on the marketplace.   The company may choose to develop these further, if greater competitive advantage would be gained, or perhaps focus on developing a new market capability if the external environment is shifting.  Ã‚   When the company then takes its external and internal analysis and put them together, a better picture of the company’s true core competencies is displayed.   The company can then see where it may need to make adjustments or where resources or markets should be developed to take advantage of strengths. Question 9 There are basically two ways the Internet can add to a company’s cost advantage.   One, it can reduce the operating costs for a company.   Two, if a company has a cost advantage, they can increase the volume of their sales.   First, selling goods via the internet allows a company to keep a virtual location.   In this scenario, the company may not need to keep its own inventory or staff.   The company could order products from its vendors as ordered by customers and not keep any inventory at all.   There are no physical displays that need maintenance, nor are there any salespeople on the floor who need to be paid.   This is a strategy pursued by Amazon.   They do not have any brick-and-mortar stores to maintain, so they have no displays to maintain, and no salespeople to pay.    The overhead for maintaining the website is less than the overhead for maintaining the shop.   This gives Amazon a competitive cost advantage over Borders.   Also, when consumers are shopping via the Internet they are able to compare prices over multiple suppliers very easily.   Search tools like MySimon and others search the internet for the product the user enters and returns the prices from various online stores.   In this way, the internet can increase the volume of shoppers buying from a particular company.   If the shopper is only concerned with price, they will often choose the company that has the lowest cost.   Therefore, if the company is able to provide the lowest price, they can gain a competitive advantage via the internet by increasing their customer base. Question 10 Effective differentiation is achieved by a company when they really stand out in the consumer’s mind as something different.   They have developed a unique attribute to a point where customers buy from them based on their unique image.   Two ways the internet can help a company achieve effective differentiation is through exploitation of niche markets and providing services and products in a real-time environment.   On the internet, the market for any one website is much larger than what a store can typically reach. In this way, the company has access to many more markets by using the internet than they would otherwise.   This allows for the flourishing of niche market products and services – or highly effective and differentiated services. An example of a niche product on the internet market is a flea collar for dogs that is safe for the whole family! It has a small chamber into which it draws fleas via scent. The fleas cannot escape from this chamber and die.   The price is high, but the market is environmentally sensitive dog owners. Via the internet, sufficient promotion can be done to make production of this item profitable.   It could be much more difficult to market this product via stores.   Another way the internet can be used to differentiate a company in the marketplace is in the speed and responsiveness of the company to the real world.   The best example that comes to mind is the news.   News companies on-line can present stories to consumers much more quickly than in print. Customers are able to choose their source for news based on how real-time the news source is able to present the information.   Businesses must actually focus on differentiating itself from its customers to effectively compete in the internet marketplace.   There are so many providers of the same service or product, that a company must create and emphasize its difference to gain customers.   Some focus on ease of use, some on reliability, some on image, and others on customer service.   There are many ways to create differentiation, but the company must be aware that simply being on the internet does not automatically create a competitive advantage.