Climate change and its effects on tourism in coastal areas

Research issue and justification The issue to be examined is climate change and its effects on tourism in coastal areas. Tourism in most coastal areas encompasses a series of activities. Some may involve accommodation, others may entail water sports while others may involve visitation of sites in coastal areas.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Climate change and its effects on tourism in coastal areas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All these aspects of the visitors experience can be tremendously affected by climatic changes. Ability to offer hospitality services can be hampered if buildings and other infrastructure have been ruined by a climate related disaster. Alternatively, the physical features that form part of a coastal tourist destination can be ruined by climatic changes. For example, coral reefs, beaches and other features may be tarnished. Also, certain goods or services offered to tourists in coastal areas are dependent on the ecosystem. It is for this reason why the issue of climatic change needs to be studied and understood thoroughly; the report will attempt to do this through holistically and through case based approaches. The reason why the topic was selected was that climate change has been known to create adverse effects in various sectors of the economy (Karen et. al, 2009). It is therefore critical to understand why this issue would be relevant to the tourism sector. Furthermore, coastal areas have been known to bear the heaviest toll of climate change. In fact, most climatic changes usually start in these regions and eventually spread to the rest of the country. This means that stakeholders in coastal areas are also likely to face severe losses if climatic change occurs. Coastal areas are also known for their tourist attractions as most of them depend heavily on this industry for revenue. The research will crucial in identifying a problem that has and will continue to exert negative effects on the tourism sector. It will provide solutions on how climate change in coastal areas can be tackled so as to minimise its effect on the industry.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research will therefore contribute towards greater economic maximisation from the tourism sector. Since tourism has been known to fight poverty in a series of countries then these findings will definitely boost the income potential of these areas and eventually increase the economic output. Statement of research method The research will depend on the use of secondary sources for analysis. These will include Government statistical reports on climate based changes done in coastal areas, periodicals that cover the issue of climate change with regard to tourism and/ or hospitality management, academic reports done in various parts of the world concerning the topic, prof essional bodies’ reports (especially international ones) that have carried out studies concerning tourism in coastal regions and industry specific magazines that discuss the subject matter and offer possible solutions towards it. Lastly, the research will also use a number of electronic sources which have been authored by credible writers concerning the issue. The major limitation of this method of research is that the inefficiencies in research found in the primary source will be carried forward into this report. For instance, the author or researcher may have used a small sample in order to come to his or her conclusions and this may be misleading. Alternatively, it maybe that the data itself was not counterchecked; numerous mistakes can occur during the data collection process so one can never be sure about the material. In order to overcome this limitation, only reports that have high degrees of reliability and validity will be used in the findings section. On the other h and the nature of the research examined will also play a major part in determining its usage. It is likely that a vast amount of research carried out in that area will not be directly related to the research topic. For instance, a research paper may be focusing on the effect of climate change on coastal areas without necessarily focusing on tourism. The industry may be mentioned as a sub section such that the data employed in that analysis may not be so useful to this research. Also, this method is restricting especially in terms of accessibility because certain reports are rarely available to the public.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Climate change and its effects on tourism in coastal areas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An abstract or introduction section may be offered online but if one needs to gain access to the whole report, then one may have to part with a lot of money in order to do so. This would mean that one would have to collect a series of abstracts in order to find out if there is a recurring pattern. Relying on a few of these would be insufficient. Lastly, the research method chosen will rely on information that is already in the public domain. It may be difficult to find something exclusive such that the report can boast of greater propriety or greater information advantage than other reports in the market. Major findings Literature review of the issue (academic and government sources) The WTO found that coastal areas such as the Mediterranean coast, i.e. areas like Cyprus, Sicily and Malta, were responsible for approximately 270 million tourism visitations in the year 2010 (CTO, 2001). This means that these areas are heavily dependent on the tourism subsector as a source of income. It should be noted that coastal areas are characterised by very delicate ecosystems (IPCC, 2001). Some of the most prominent ones include coral reefs and mangroves. If climatic changes wer e to take place then these areas would be tremendously affected. Some tourists enjoy seeing natural organisms in their habitat; examples include those groups that engage in snorkelling and deep sea diving. Others enjoy the vast amount of sea food found in those locations such as crabs and prawns. Others may engage in boating around those coastal areas and these activities all tend to benefit local communities. When tourists visit such areas, most will look for souvenirs or other similar artefacts’ which will remind them of that coastal area. Furthermore, they will need some form of accommodation which will often be provided by the local community. In this regard, tourism at the coastal areas contributes towards employment amongst locals who may not have any other means of earning a living. Furthermore, such areas can be rich in foreign exchange earnings since most tourists will spend a lot when they visit those areas (Agnew Viner, 1999).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would also translate into great income streams for governments such duties and taxes are charged on services offered, alcohol bought or any other items purchased. Many studies have looked at how tourism can cause global warming but few have focused on how the reverse is true; that global warming and climate change can also affect the tourism industry. Since tourism involves all the above mentioned activities then one must look at how these activities lead to either an increase or decrease in profitability within the tourist industry. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research organisation carried out a research on climate change and found that global warming will contribute and has contributed towards extreme weather events (Mc carthy et. al, 2003). Increases in temperature have brought about adverse effects on coastal areas which continue to report greater intensity of wind cyclones. Their estimates indicated that wind speeds have increased by approximately five to te n percent. Additionally, they found that stronger tides would be reported in the coast with cycle rainfall also increasing. In the future, it is likely that climate change would lead to a greater rise in sea levels (Beer, et. al., 2003). The effect of these changes in the climate will most likely be shown through greater flooding. This would ruin some of the infrastructure that had been built for tourist purposes such as resorts, gift shops, roads, bridges and airports. Those natural disasters would also hamper the ability of tourists to travel from one area to another in the coastal destination because transportation systems or electricity systems can be damaged by floods or cyclones on any area. These winds would also cause severe beach erosion yet most tourists target coastal areas for their warm sandy beaches. That would mean a loss of potential revenue streams from these areas. Furthermore, the floods would affect the settlements and local communities in the coastal towns thus causing vast migration by some of them to main lands. There would be a service gap for tourists who need locals to service their needs. Low lying areas are especially vulnerable to this kind of flooding. It is also likely that As stated earlier, several tourists visit the coast in order to enjoy the biodiversity of the region, climate change causes these areas to lose out on certain plant and animal species such as the barrier reef and certain butterfly species. Coastal areas would therefore lose out on these kinds of tourists (Baumert et. al., 2003). Several tourist infrastructures can be found in coastal areas. For instance, some people have built resorts; others have created airports, golf courses and even marinas in order to cater to the high number of visitors that come there. Sometimes, these areas can be adversely affected by severe weather conditions thus implying that there would be minimal ways for catering to the needs of tourists as they visit those coastal areas. Countr ies can therefore lose a lot owing to these effects of climatic change on those destinations. Comparative analysis of the issue internationally (2 countries) The case of the Caribbean The Caribbean coastal region comprises of a series of countries including Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Bahamas and Barbados. Most of these coastal areas have been prone to a series of natural hazards such as volcanic eruptions, landslides, hurricanes and even floods. Studies carried out by MET (2008) indicate that social economic and policies on proper land use has increased the region’s proneness to these disasters. Some individuals have deduced that these activities have contributed to climate change hence those disasters. However, others oppose it; despite this lack of consensus, there is still no doubt that climate change and their occurrence are interlinked. In 1989, a hurricane took place in Puerto Rico, St. Martin and Barbuda’s coastal regions. The major challenge was that these a reas were highly dependent on yachting as a tourist attraction (Jackson, 2001). Estimates have indicated that the area lost close to 200, 000 dollars per yacht owing to the loss in revenue from the disaster. The damages were so severe that they led to unexpected losses amongst the groups concerned. Also, those very regions kept experiencing more hurricanes that have caused fear in potential tourists who may have been interested in visiting the town. It is also likely that these hurricanes may keep occurring in the near future. In St. Kitts coastal town Port Zante, Hurricane Georges took place and it severely hampered the tourist activities of that area. The town was mostly identified for its cruise ship tourism. In fact the hurricane caused severe damage to the cruise ship pier which implied that several passengers could not utilise the cruise ship. Many large vessels could no longer be accommodated there and the region suffered tremendously from this issue. These occurrences indica te that with continual temperature rise, such incidences are likely to occur in the future and would continue to exert a heavy toll on stakeholders in the tourism sector in those areas( Nurse, 2001). In Barbados during the year 1978, there were tremendous increases in the amount of El Nià ±o water; consequently, a lot of coral leaching took place. These waters were associated with the rising ocean temperatures going on around the world which were attributed to climatic changes. Although Barbados recovered from the effects, it has still been ascertained that its coastal regions will be vulnerable to such kinds of disasters. The Coastal Zone management Unit which is in charge of coral reef monitoring found that climate changes were responsible for these occurrences. They explained that minimisation of certain coral reef species such as Black band and white plaque was brought on by these waters. In these circumstances, the areas reported a decrease in earnings from tourists who do scu ba diving as well as snorkelling (lisa, 2001). It has also been shown that a series of tourist resorts and hotels in these areas have been built dangerously. Since climate change is causing these areas to be increasingly vulnerable to heightened tidal waves and flooding then chances are some 6, 100 hotel rooms found in Barbados coastal region will be affected since they are about twenty metres above sea level. In the event of a hurricane as it occurred in the past, those resorts would be greatly damaged thus affecting the tourism sector negatively. Smith Water international carried out a survey on Jamaica especially coastal areas of Montego bay and found that they would be affected by storms since they are merely one or two metres away from the permitted watermark designated by international institutions. Case of Namibia Namibia has been affected by climatic changes as seen through coastal erosion and disappearance of plant and animal species in the coastal zones. This country repor ted an increase in sea level. Consequently, areas such as Heties Bay and Swakopmund started experiencing erosion. Those regions recorded reduced income revenues and therefore felt that it would have been imperative for them to have prevented the problem rather than wait for it to get out of hand (Walvis bay, 2010). A number of floods also took place in Cuvelai Etosha basin which is a coastal region in the north central part of Namibia. These floods were responsible for a substantial amount of damage to the infrastructure in this coastal town thus minimising the tourism activities that went on in this area. The floods that took place in 2009 led to a minimisation of economic flow in that territory (Recovery platform, 2010). Challenges presented to the industry by climate change in coastal areas and how it will be addressed In summary, the challenges presented to the tourism industry can be categorised as direct and direct. Direct effects were those ones that affected all the structur es and services that have been built specifically for tourists in coastal areas or those natural features which specifically attract tourists to these towns. Some of these effects of climate change in coastal regions include reduced yachting revenues, cruise ship revenues, less deep sea diving revenues and snorkelling. Climate change has also led to damaged resorts, hotels and other tourist facilities in those areas. Some of the ways in which these problems in coastal areas can be addressed include sensitisation of the public concerning the effects of climate change (Hare, 2003). Owners of resorts and hotels need to make their staff understand the potential ramifications of a natural disaster that would have been brought on by climatic changes. These stakeholders need to know that there is a direct link between tourism and climate change. Secondly, coastal regions along with their countries need to minimise green house emissions as these are the number one cause of global warming. A lso, those respective regions can practice shoreline management. This should entail beach improvement as well protection of coastal areas’ shorelines. Since property owners and investors are the ones that will be affected then they need to be involved in the financing process. However, their efforts need to be backed by governments. Countries such as Barbados take their coastal management programs seriously. Over the past four decades, the country has spent approximately sixteen point six million US dollars on planning and improving their beaches. Other countries that utilise their coastal areas for tourism should do the same in order to facilitate improvements. Also, governments need to step in and distinguish between private and public shore lands. This will assist them to prevent erosion through the construction of sediment trappings as wells as groynes for the prevention of beach shorelines. Countries that do not have legislation to control land ownership in these coastal zones need to do so as soon as possible. Since some of these disasters will be inevitable then concerned parties need to start planning for their occurrence. Once coastal areas have suffered the effects of hurricanes, floods or cyclones then that should be an indicator that climate change is likely to increase their occurrence. These coastal zones should do shelter planning for yachts. They also need to ascertain that they have back up for sheltering their boats such that they can be evacuated to safer areas away from storms (GSDRC, 2009). Governments in areas that have immense coastal tourism need to come up with policy frameworks that cover the protection of coastal zones. They need to ensure that tourism is practised sustainably so they should cover all these aspects in the policy statement. Issues such as emergency planning as well as coastal development zones need to be considered. Conclusion and recommendation There is link between tourism and climate change in coastal towns going by the occurrences in the Caribbean coastal areas as well as coastal areas in Namibia. These changes led to floods, hurricanes, storms, cyclones, beach erosion, infrastructural damages, destruction of plant species in coastal areas and rising tidal waves. All these effects hampered tourism by eliminating or eroding physical features that attract tourist to coastal towns or by indirectly affecting the locals and systems that service most tourists as they stay in the coastal areas. It is hereby recommended that governments have a huge role to play in mitigating the negative effects of climate change on coastal towns. They can enact policies, protect beach property ownership, finance protection policies, sensitize the public and carry out emergency planning. On the other hand, people within the private sector can also play their part by engaging in sustainable tourist practices such that they can minimise their impact on the environment. References Agnew, M. Viner, D. (1999). Cl imate change and its impacts on tourism, climate research unit. WWF-UK report. Beer, T. Hubbert, G., Walsh, K. McInnes, K. (2003). Impact of sea level rise and storm surges on a coastal community. Natural hazards journal, 30, 188-197. Baumert, K., Herzog, T., Pershing, J. Markoff, M. (2004). Climate data: insights and observations. Alington, Pew Centre on global climate change, 45. CTO (2001). Caribbean Tourism statistical report, Government report, 1999-2000. GSDRC (2009). Economic aspects of adaptation to climate change: cost, benefits and policy instruments. Web. GSDRC. Hare, W. (2003). Assessment of knowledge on impacts of climate change-contribution to the specification of Art. Berlin. UNFCCC report. IPCC (2001). Climate change impact 200, IPCC report, 45(34-56). Jackson, I. (2001). Yachting Study. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean report, 4(56). Jackson, I. (2003). Potential impact of climate change on tourism. Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change project report, 45(1-23). Karen, P., Holper, P. Mandy, P. (2009). Face global warming or lives will be at risk. Melbourne, The age newspaper, 23. Leisa, P. (2001). Enhancing beach management: an integrated adaptive approach. ECLACR report, 32. Mccarthy, J., Canziani, O., Leary, N. White, K. (2003). Third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, Cambridge university press. MET (2008). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment for Namibia’s biodiversity and protected area system. [Online] MET. Nurse, L. (2001). Likely consequences of projected climate change: Adapting to climate change in the Caribbean. Sherboune Conference Centre, Barbados, 13 December, 2001. Recovery Platform (2010). Post disaster need assessment: Namibia. Web. Recovery platform. Walvis Bay (2010). Economic impacts of climate change in Namibia. Web. This report on Climate change and its effects on tourism in coastal areas was written and submitted by user Kellen A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Uniform education system in Pakistan Essay Example

Uniform education system in Pakistan Essay Example Uniform education system in Pakistan Paper Uniform education system in Pakistan Paper Shahzatb Qadeer Shaikh (17020011) Raazia Waseem Tuesday, October 15, 2013 The idea of a uniform education system for all is an exercise in futility. It can never happen. So resources should not be wasted on attempting to achieve the impossible. Poverty, terrorism and social and economic insecurity are a few of the numerous problems this country faces, the roots of all of which lie in a more basic issue: illiteracy. To solve the complex, ever-growing problem of illiteracy in Pakistan, numerous measures, including the prospect of a uniform education system, have been suggested. Although the idea of a uniform education system to tackle these problems shows promise because of the sense of unity and equality that it will give the nation and a more balanced educational curriculum it is expected to offer, the high costs relating to the project, the problems of centrally governing a one tier education system and the long period of time that it will take to properly implement the idea nationwide make it an exercise in futility. Broadly speaking there are 3 secondary education systems that exist in Pakistan: the SSC, HSC education system locally termed as the Metric/lntermediate system dministered by the Board of Secondary and Intermediate Education (BISE); the GCE (General Certificate of Education) system that replaces the SSC/HSC with O and A levels, administered by external British Examination Board of Cambridge; and the Maddersah system that is responsible for primarily providing religious education to children at secondary level. The education provided by the current SSC/HSC system has become totally outdated and given the pay scale of the average Pakistani citizen not everyone can afford to have their children study in the GCE system. There is need of a more balanced education system that provides up to date education to cater the needs of the modern world along with sufficient importance given to subjects like Urdu and religion which are somehow neglected in the GCE system. But a new uniform education system isnt really the answer to the problem, given sufficient funding and proper supervision the SSC/HSC curriculum can be re-written to modern standards to compete with external alternate examinations like the GCE system. The government can save on the huge costs of setting up the new one tier education ystem and use the capital elsewhere. Apart from that the existing 3 systems somehow create a barrier between the classes, the upper middle and elite class have their children study the GCE system the middle and lower class (those who can afford it) have their children study the Metric/lnter or Maddersah system. The gap between the classes has been deepened by the ever long economic crisis the country faces. A new uniform education system can give the privileged studying in the same schools in the same system will give the nation a sense of unitary direction. Then again it can be argued, education as a whole whether its uniform or systematic, teaches us about equality and unity. However, equality and unity are values which cannot and should not be drilled into young minds. These are the things that are understood and learnt more outside the class than inside, so no real need of a uniform education system exists for the sole purpose of promoting unity and equality. The idea of a single education system would mean that these education systems are replaced with a single centrally governed education system. The first thing to onsider is the new curriculum that has to be written up. A lot of research will be required to write up the new course outlines and the way they are taught. Extensive training for teachers in both rural and urban area will be required . This mean a lot of capital to start up with and continuous funding to keep the project running. Education projects in the early 2000s like the Education Sector Reforms ESR (2001-2003) passed by the Ministry of Education Pakistan were budgeted around Rs. 50-60 Billion, the budget for a project like a uniform education system of such a big cale would have to be even larger. Can a country with a budget deficit exceeding $5million afford such a project? Even if half of the capital that was spent earlier on previous projects is spent now under proper surveillance and without political bias, the existing SSC/HSC system can regain its former validity as a national education system that it had when it was originally introduced. Apart for the large costs attached to the idea of a uniform education system in the country the next big setback is the swarm of administrative problems that the project is deemed to face. The SSC/FSC system started failing to provide quality education to cater local needs in its early years because it was centralized. Although there are regional boards that are responsible for some aspects of education in their own particular districts but the main administrative responsibilities still rest in the hands of the BISE Pakistan. Dawood Shah in a Country report on Decentralization in the Education System of Pakistan stated: It is believed that highly centralized system of education is greatly hampering the efficiency and effectiveness of delivery service at the grass-root level. A decentralized education system can respond more effectively to local needs and will be easier to administer. A common education system being followed by the whole nation would mean a homogeneous standard of education being set wherever the education is being provided. This is a task near impossible because of the lack of trained staff available plus the huge geographical and cultural differences that exist in Pakistan. A uniform education system would not only be ineffective in delivery, it will also be suppressing cultural diversity which needs to be celebrated and built upon. Excessive training and better higher education facilities might solve the problem regarding the lack of trained staff but if a new uniform education has to be kept effective it has to be kept immune from diseases like corruption that mostly work when the system is large and highly centralized. Breaking down the system and giving more authority to the regional education and keep the system effective at every stage. More importantly, changes like these do not happen overnight and the time taken to bring a project into proper nationwide implementation has to be taken into onsideration while taking such a decision. Properly designing a new one tier education system and bringing it into working requires as much time as it does capital. A project of such a large scale could take up a decade to come into reality and keeping Pakistans progress on recent development projects in view it could take well over a decade. However reforms to the existing education system to rid it of errors and improvise the teaching standards requires lesser time and seems more practical as compared to the idea of designing a new one tier education system from scratch. Even if the project is successful people take time in placing their faith in something new. The parents who previously had their children studying the GCE curriculum would be reluctant to have their children study the new education system introduced by government. On the contrary if the SSC/FSC system is corrected and reformed to compete with modern education standards the parents would feel more comfortable in placing their trust in it. Not to forget that the GCE system gained popularity only recently and most of the parents themselves studied the SSC/HSC curriculum for heir secondary education. Although the countrys current situation makes it necessary for the government to rethink its education policies because of the failure of the existing education system to deliver quality education but the idea of a new education system will only be adding to the countrys cost and giving birth to more administrative problems in the already deeply faulted education system. However a series of education reforms to re-new the existing curriculum, re-train the faculty and rid it of flaws like corruption nd invalidity in terms of grading can bring about the same effects that the new single education system is aimed at doing. The solution is basically to rectify the system from the core not to replace it. Citations Dawood Shah, Country Report on Decentralization of Education System of Pakistan: Policies and strategies. Paragraph 3. aepam. edu. pk/Old/Publications/ Decentralization%20in%20the%20Education%20System%200f%20Pakistan. pdf ESR( Education sector Reforms) budget reference, http://siteresources. worldbank. org/ PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/Pakistan-Development-Forum/EduSectorReforms. pdf

Develop a Game or Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Develop a Game or Activity - Essay Example They found that most of the employees know nothing about people working around them. They decide to introduce new ritual: a small birthday party for every employee, but they concern about their cultural and personal beliefs which can affect such celebrations. The task of trainees is to gather information about colleagues, and image how the staff would organize different birthday parties. Theme "How well do you know the people around you' First part: The employees will be divided into two groups. Using the Intranet (and telephone) employees have to gather information about their colleagues (from the competitors group), and find possible similarities and differences about age, culture, religion, etc. Time limits: 40 min. Second part: Both groups have to make a small birthday presentation for one of the employees (form another group) according to his preferences and cultural values (role play). Analysis This activity (game) was chosen because the rise of computers at work has not only increased the need for computer skills training, but also created new training formats. Computer-based training is interactive, self-paced instruction using software teaching tools. Computer-based training can take a variety of forms. Some companies have staffed computer labs where employees can drop by to practice, with personal assistance available if needed. This game develops research and analytical skills, groupthink and problem solving skills. It has little to do with organizational context, but it will help employees to know each other and improve their communication. Performance support systems are useful because participants in a training program (game) can retain only a limited amount of information and usually not as much as has been taught. With a performance support system, however, employees can get training help and information at the exact time needed--the "trainable moment." Computer-related "knowledge" jobs, in which employees follow certain specified procedures lend themselves most readily to performance support systems. But these systems also help train employees on job tasks that require problem-solving and decision-making skills (Allen 1996). This game will help to examine managerial communication and its impact on different employees, identify its strengths and weaknesses. This game has some elements of the role play because trainees are asked not just to imitate the performance, but also to apply these skills and behaviors to a sample situation in which different individuals play certain roles. Solving and discussing problems helps trainees learn technical material and content, and role plays are an excellent way of applying the interpersonal skills being emphasized in the training. If done well, role plays give trainees the opportunity to integrate new skills with job behavior. This method enhances further training by illustrating how to apply instruction in practice. Demonstrations are ideal for basic skills training, while role playing works well for building complex behaviors such as interpersonal or management skills. During this game,

'Is chocolate a food or a drug' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

'Is chocolate a food or a drug' - Essay Example Chocolate has been a popular and revered flavor for many past civilizations, chocolate residue have been found in pottery dating to 1100 BC from Honduras, and 600-400 BC from Belize. Till date chocolate is one of the most popular flavors in the world and chocolate lovers known as "chocoholics" are ready to swear by its pleasurable and medicinal effects. The Mayan civilization worshipped the Cacao Tree for they believed it was divine in origin. The Mayans called the fruit of the cacao tree "food of the gods† and also associated it with the god of fertility. The Aztecs also considered the cocoa tree a gift from the god of wisdom and knowledge. They considered chocolate to be an aphrodisiac as it invigorated men and made women less inhibited, the Aztec emperor Monteczuma is said to have drank fifty golden goblets of chocolate a day in order to enhance his sexual ability (Thames & Hudson, 2000) Chocolate was an important luxury good throughout pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and cacao beans were often used as currency. Today chocolate takes the form of a substance of powder or a block composing of raw and processed food from roasted and crushed cacao seeds found from the tropical cacao tree. Chocolate has a unique appeal of sugar, texture, flavor, sweetness and aroma, making it the most common ingredient for confectionary sweet food as well as flavoring. There are three varieties of chocolate available, chocolate coated or made of dark chocolate, milk chocolate and white chocolate (Hornby 1989). Dark chocolate contains a mild content of cocoa butter and a fat that naturally occurs in cocoa beans. These beans are made up of 34% of stearic acid, 24% of oleic acid, 25% of palmitic acid and 7% of other fatty acids (Roth 2007). Milk chocolate contains two times the amount of antioxidants where as dark chocolate contains five times the amount of antioxidants (Moss 2002). While white chocolate only contain the texture and sweetness (Hemmelgarn 2006). Dark

How Google Chooses Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How Google Chooses Employees - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Google is a rapidly growing organization. The speed at which it is growing is difficult for the HR department for the company keeps pace with filling the new vacancies. The company has to fill around two hundred positions every week. It is a tough task alone, but given the company’s HR department has to screen more than 100,000 jobs applications, the task becomes more complex. As a result, Google has to adopt several new and innovative ways to screen the human resource in the shortest possible time in order to start filling the jobs as quickly as possible. Google has to make sure that its recruitment and selection keeps pace with the growth targets. At any time it should not happen that there are vacancies that are not filled by the highly efficient human resource. Not only the pace is important, but the quality of staff is vital as well. IF the job vacancy is filled by average people, then they would not be able to keep up with the company’s growth policies and it would mean that the resources are lying idle. This is something that an organization like Google cannot afford. Training people to make them a better resource for a large organization like Google. Google needs to adopt recruitment and selection methods that are reliable and valid. Reliability refers to the instances that the several different measures of recruitment and selection yield the same results for Google. In other words, the selection methods should be such that they point towards a particular person or group of people. Validity means that the employees at Google are tested for what they can expect at the job. The best option for Google to ensure that its recruitment policies are in line with its growth target is to use human resource forecasting method.

History Of Womens Education History Essay

History Of Womens Education History Essay Over the past twenty years women have made substantial educational progress. The large difference between the education levels of women and men that were evident in the early 1970s have essentially disappeared. Females are more likely than males to attend college after high school and are as likely to graduate with a Masters degree. These gains in educational attainment are due to womens fights for these rights throughout history. These struggles date back to the ancient Greeks, Romans, The Middle Ages, and extend to the Education Amendment Act of 1972 and the Womens Educational Equity Act (WEEA) of 1974 in the United States. In ancient Rome upper class women received education. They were better educated than lower class women and lower class men. They increased their chance for success in managing money, real estate, business affairs and political interest by practicing reading and writing skills. Very few children received an education before the early Republic, but after 300 B.C. child education increased. Children seven to eleven from families who could afford it went to a private elementary school called a ludus. It was a room, most of the time, in the back of a store. There was a teacher who taught Latin reading and writing skills, and arithmetic to only twelve students at a time. At eleven years old, girls either stopped going to school or continued their education at home by their parents or tutors. Most of these girls were getting ready for marriage which usually occurred at fourteen or fifteen years old. Fathers wanted their daughters to receive an education in order to attract a husband that had a higher societal position. However, other fathers just thought education was the right thing to do. Musonius Rufus, who was a philosopher and a teacher in the first century A.D., said: Women have received from the gods the same ability to reason that men have. We men employ reasoning in our relations with others and so far as possible in everything we do, whether it is good or bad, or noble or shameful. Likewise women have the same senses as men, sight, hearing, smell, and all the rest. The Middle Ages or medieval period, 500 ­Ã‚ ­ 1400, began when the great civilizations of Greece and Rome had fallen. In medieval society womens education depended on their socioeconomic class. Women were thought to be inferior to men and were thus treated that way. Educational opportunities for women were slight. Girls were only allowed to receive basic instruction from their mothers, while boys could go off to be tutored, go to church ran schools, or join a guild or burger school to learn an occupation. Most of the schools that girls attended in the Middle Ages were associated with the convents. Girls of the peasant class were taught good manners and domestic chores within the family. Noble born women acquired their education in palace schools and were expected to learn household chores, music, conversation, and the roles appropriate to the code of chivalry. However, in Frankish Medieval Society women were just as educated as men and many women were just as educated as their husbands (Ruth Dean and Melissa Thompson). The most educated women in this period were the nuns. They educated girls in singing, reading, and writing. They also taught them domestic chores like cooking and weaving clothing. Womens education is the greatest reason why women were able to fight for a voice in politics. As more and more females in Europe during the eleventh and twelfth centuries became educated they were able to fight for higher positions politically. Women were also able to take part in intellectual life as listeners, readers and writers. Although education only took place within the wealthier families with private teachers this was a big step in the right direction for womens rights. The women of the middle ages were the first to appreciate a small amount of the freedom in education that women can enjoy today. In the 1800s, the time period before the American Civil War, there were womens rights advocates, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony who spoke out for womens educational and political rights. Susan B. Anthony went to a local district school where a teacher declined to teach her long division because she was female and not male. Her father took her out of that school and homeschooled her. He and a teacher educated her and taught her all about womens equality. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, unlike most women of her generation, was formally educated. She went to a co-ed school where she could compete with the opposite sex academically and intellectually. Stanton and Anthony both fought for womens political and social equality. They spoke out against racial and gender inequality and also supported the temperance movement. Catharine Esther Beecher was a teacher and a great contributer in the development of education for teachers and formal education for women in America. She was tutored at home until she was ten years old. She then was sent to a private school where she was only allowed a limited education. This made her want to learn more, so she taught herself the subjects that werent offered to her. She wanted to provide the same educational opportunities to other women. Catharine believed women needed a greater education in order to raise their children to be good citizens, to teach Christian values, and to train other women to become teachers. She wrote a lot on the subject of education for women and girls. She stressed intellectual stimulation, moral education, and physical health. In 1823 she opened the Hartford Female Seminary, and taught there until 1831. She believed that women instead of men should be teachers because they have instinctive qualities that would make them better at it. She felt that women had greater potential if they were educated, and this was the career path that would make them socially useful at a time where opportunities for women were limited. Women are natural teachers because its just a component of their motherly role. Being a teacher would make women financially independent and help shape future generations. The Education Amendment Act of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in a public education stating: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance (United States Code Section 20) Also, the Womens Educational Equity Act of 1974 (WEEA), was the changing point in womens education. Thirty three percent of women twenty five to twenty nine attained a bachelors degree or higher in 2007, which exceeded that of men in this age range (twenty six percent). Twenty eight percent of women twenty five and older obtained a bachelors degree or more as of 2007. This rate was up eleven percentage points from twenty years earlier (United States Census). These statistics were only made possible due to women in history that fought for these rights, or people of previous generations who understood how important it was for women to receive an education.

police :: essays research papers fc

C.B.P. is working, we need to know; are we solving problems instead of reacting to them? Are police officers encouraged to leave their patrol cars and cooperate with the public? Do we have streets free of drug dealers, rowdy teenagers, soliciting prostitutes, predatory criminals, graffiti or drive by shootings? In conclusion C.B.P. is striving to build stronger more self sufficient communities, in which, crime and disorder do not thrive. Effective C.B.P. has a positive impact on reducing neighborhood crime, helps reduce fear of crime, and enhances the quality of life in the community; It accomplishes this by combining the efforts and the resources of the police, local government, and community members. Crime prevention takes on renewed importance in C.B.P. AND the community becomes a partner to law enforcement in order to address disorder and neglect or other problems that can breed serious crime. As links between the police and the community are strengthened over time, the partnership is better able to pinpoint and mitigate the underlying causes of crime. Following all these principles we can at least attain a new sense of community and at best we can make true the vision of Sir Robert Peel â€Å"It should be understood at the outset that the object to be attained is the prevention of crime. To this, great and every effort, of the police is to be directed. The security of person and property and the preservation of a police establishment will thus be better affected than by the detection and punishment of the offender after he has succeeded in committing the crime† . . . (Braiden 120) WORKS CITED Braiden, Chris. â€Å"Enriching traditional police roles† Police management: Issues and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  perspectives.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington, DC. Police executive research forum 1992, Pg. 108,120 Eck, John E. and William Spelman,† Problem solving: Problem oriented policing† in Newport   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  News. Washington, DC: Police executive research forum, 1987 Pg xvi-xvii Kelling, George L. and Mark H, Moore â€Å"The evolving strategy of policing† Perspectives on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  policing .Washington, DC : National Institute of Justice and John F. Kennedy School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Government. Harvard University Pg 4-5 Kelling, L. George â€Å" Measuring what matters :a new way of thinking about crime and public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  order†.The city Journal, Spring 1992, Pg 21-22 Moore H. Mark and Geoffrey Albert â€Å" Measuring police performance â€Å" in John Dijulio Sr, et al Justice System Performance measures :Princeton University Bureau of justice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  discussion series (forthcoming) Moore H. Mark and Malcolm K. Sparrow, David MacKennedy ABeyond 911: A new era for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  policing.

Biblical Aspect of Moby Dick Essay

Moby Dick is a novel filled with many biblical allusions, and I feel strongly that there are certain characters in the book that portray biblical characters or express the same situations in the Bible. In the beginning of the book, Father Mapple gives a sermon to the sailors about Jonah and the whale. This story in itself has much symbolism and starts the book off with the notion that God and the Bible are very much a part of the story. In specific there are a few main characters that support the fact that they are symbolic to the Bible. First, Ishmael is the main character in the story and is the narrator through most of the book. He is very different from all of the sailors on the ship. He has class, intelligence, and he knows nothing about whaling or the sea. In the book of Genesis, Ishmael was an outcast â€Å"with everyone’s hand against him,† and in the book you see how he is different from the sailors because of his small knowledge of whaling. To further examine Ishmael’s situation, he says he escapes to the sea to leave the depressions that have ridden his life. Another part of Genesis tells us that Ishmael wasn’t Abraham’s true son because he was born through one of Abraham’s maids (supposedly Sarai, his wife, was infertile) and ever since Isaac was born, Ishmael was shunned. Like in Moby Dick, Ishmael was looked down upon from the beginning because he didn’t have the history that other people on the boat had as sailors. Ishmael is always different from everyo ne, and he looks at everything in an interrogative way, so he thinks of Moby Dick as a holy mysterious creature while Capt. Ahab thinks Moby Dick is pure evil. Moby Dick is the most complicated, undefined character in the book. But to attempt to understand this enigma, let’s look at what we know about him. Moby Dick is a white, massive sperm whale, the largest and most feared by all beings in the sea. To Ahab, Moby Dick is the highest of all evil. To Starbuck, the chase after the whale is a fruitless cause. To Ishmael, the whale defines mystery, unexplainable, and holiness. Moby Dick’s whiteness  can be linked with holiness and godliness, such as Revelation 1:14, † His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire;† Much of revelation involves the color white, which has been historically a holy color and a color of prosperity as described in Ishmaels in-depth description of the indescribable whiteness that he saw when he caught sight of Moby Dick. Another excerpt of Revelation shows the importance of white in the Bible, Revelation 4:4) â€Å"And round about the t hrone were four and twenty seats: and upon the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting , clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold.† Ishmael tries to describe whiteness as, â€Å"which at times by its intensity completely overpowered all the rest; and yet so mystical and well nigh ineffable was it, that I almost despair of putting it in a comprehensible form. It was the whiteness of the whale that above all things appalled me. But how can I hope to explain myself here; and yet, in some dim, random way, explain myself I must, else all these chapters might be naught.† So it seems as if the whiteness was the same indescribable thing as is the whiteness John saw in his Revelation, which he wrote for the Bible. We know Moby Dick is indestructible and like God, nobody can touch him. So can we conclude Moby Dick represents God? I think that is one of the mysteries that Melville leaves the reader to unfold on their own. He is symbolically the great divine mystery. Captain Ahab could be taken in different ways, such as good or evil. In this case he would be evil considering he has the same name as King Ahab in the Bible. Ahab is like no other character in the book. At times, he lacks compassion or even certain aspects of a complete personality, but maybe the determination of his goals (revenge on Moby Dick) compensates for his lack of personality. Captian Ahab isn’t just after the bulbber and oil of the whale, but he is after the glory and the sense that he can conquer everything. The thing that keeps his engine running after Moby Dick is the fact that there is something greater than him, the â€Å"Great† Captain Ahab. Some refer this egotistical ness as hubris, something Greek tragedy (from the packet) Gods have, and that hubris is sometimes the reason for their downfall. Captain Ahab has so much confidence in going after Moby Dick that at one point he says â€Å"If man will strike†¦talk not of blasphemy man; I’d   strike back at the sun if it insulted me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So not only is he determined, the only thing that makes him complete is the fulfillment of striking hate and death upon this whale. To compare to the Bible, Captain Ahab is similar to the King Ahab of 1 Kings. The Bible says in 1 Kings 16:33, † and Ahab did more to provoke the Lord than all Kings of Israel before him.† Throughout the book Ahab does only what will further his pursuit of the whale and in doing that, he at times disobeys the rules of religion, business, of common sense, and ignoring the omens, pleas against his cause, and experience (Moby Dick Packet). For example, one part of the book describes a part where two ships meet to dock for a short time and once Ahab heard news of Moby Dick’s location, he immediately abandoned all plans of sailors interacting with the other boat and women, not even taking a second to breathe, because he was narrow minded with the white whale in vision. Like King Ahab has Elijah, Captain Ahab has Fedallah as prophets to warn the two leaders of troubles ahead. Elijah proclaims disaster for King Ahab’s misdoings on him and his family. Fedallah came to Ahab, prophesizing the downfall of Ahab and his ship. This shows Melville’s concordance of the Bible with his storytelling. As you can see, Ahab was punished in both the bible and Moby Dick. In The bible it says,(1 Kings 17:1) † And Elijah the Tishbite, who was of the inhabitants of Gilead, said unto Ahab, As the LORD God of Israel liveth, before whom I stand, there shall not be dew nor rain these years, but according to my word†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In conclusion, I believe Melville definitely used symbolism to spice up his story and also biblical allusions to give more sense to build the climax of the story. I feel I have proven to you that these three characters, Moby Dick, Ishmael, and Captain Ahab were all linked to characters in the bible. Depending on how deeply you look into the story, you can find that symbolism lies everywhere in this book and that is why it is the â€Å"smartest† book for a high-school student to read.

Racial and Ethnic Diversity and Inequality essays

Racial and Ethnic Diversity and Inequality essays Racial and Ethnic Diversity and Inequality Prejudice is an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought or reason. Prejudice may arise from many sources, including the views of family or peers, or it may come from strong identification with a particular group. From any source, prejudice is a problem that faces the American society today. As I enter the second semester of my college career I am able to better visualize the problem of racial and ethnic discrimination as well as prejudice. Living in such a diverse atmosphere as a college dormitory, helps make this topic more personal and easier for me to grasp. I live in an environment where people from different social categories have come together. Living with and around people of all races and ethnic backgrounds illustrates that people hold rigid opinions of members of a different social category. Prejudice is personally relevant to me because I am surrounded by people who often make social prejudgments about others before they even get to know them. I am examining the extent of prejudice through a survey of eleven questions designed to enable me to come to a general consensus about prejudice in todays society. By surveying twelve people of different gender, age range, and race, I wanted to find out societys universal perspective of prejudice, and its effects on society. Prejudice is a deep-rooted problem that does not just lie on the surface of society. Prejudice rests on stereotypes: overgeneralizations about a group and its members that go beyond existing evidence (Feagin and Feagin, 1996). Stereotyping is primarily used to call attention to beliefs that present an out-group in an uncomplimentary way and is usually a false generalization. Prejudice is principally harmful to ones emotions and or attitudes and more importantly can lead to discrimination. Discrimination is the denial of opportunities an...

How to Check the Accreditation of Any Online College

How to Check the Accreditation of Any Online College Accreditation is the process by which an institution- in this case, an online college or university- is certified to have met standards set by a board of representatives selected from peer institutions. An accredited degree from a certified school of higher education will be accepted by other schools and organizations as well as by prospective employers. Proper accreditation for an online degree can mean the difference between a degree that gets you a new job and a certificate that isnt worth the paper its printed on. The two kinds of accreditation are â€Å"institutional† and â€Å"specialized,† or â€Å"programmatic.†Ã‚  Institutional accreditation normally is given to the  institution as a whole, though it doesnt mean that all components of the school are of the same quality. Specialized accreditation applies to parts of the school, which may be as large as a college within a university or as small as a curriculum within a discipline. You can check any online schools accreditation status in less than a minute. Heres how to find out if a school is accredited by an agency recognized by the United States Department of Education: Checking United States Department of Education  Accreditation Listings Go to the U.S. Department of Educations (USDE) College Search page. (You also can check the USDEs accreditation database.) Enter  the name of the online school you would like to research. You dont need to enter information in any other field. Then hit search. Youll be shown a school or several schools that match your search criteria. Click on the school youre looking for. The selected schools accreditation information will appear. Make sure this page is about the school youre seeking  by comparing the website, phone number, and address information you see at the top left  with the information you already have. You can view the colleges institutional or specialized accreditation on this page.  Click on the  accrediting agency for more information. In addition to accreditation status, this information includes the accrediting agency, the date the school was originally accredited, the most recent accreditation action, and the next review date. Checking Council for Higher Education  Accreditation  Listings You may also use the Council for Higher Education Accreditations website to search for accredited online institutions. The process is much the same as with the USDE search, though at the CHEA site you must agree to the terms and conditions  before reaching the search field. Also, the CHEA page provides less information than the USDE page. You also can access a chart comparing CHEA and USDE recognition. Accreditation Doesnt Guarantee Success Accreditation doesnt guarantee that credit hours will transfer to another institution nor assure acceptance of graduates by employers. That remains the prerogative of the school or prospective employer. The Department of Education recommends that students take other steps to determine if the institution will meet their goals, including asking other  schools whether your credits will transfer  or asking possible employers if, for example, the institutions courses will count toward a professional license.

A3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A3 - Essay Example euvers enabled them to report profits and hide losses from the books, and as a result of these maneuvers their stock prices rose steeply as investors were attracted to the potential for future high prices. The machinations in their books of accounts were such that retail investors were had pushed to understand them; as a result, the management through the use of market to market system enabled the company to manipulate profits and hide debts. At the time when the issue came to light, it had already been late, yet the laws that govern separate business from owners frustrated the efforts to compensate the investors. The actions of the managers in the Enron case is a clear violations of ethic principles, and the ethic principles indicate that individuals are bound a certain duty of care to investors, customers and employees. Secondly, auditors failed in their duty of care to the aforementioned parties, and the chief auditor, Arthur Anderson admitted to the errors in the

Law Enforcement Investigators (Traditionalist vs. Revisionist) Assignment

Law Enforcement Investigators (Traditionalist vs. Revisionist) - Assignment Example The traditionalists, on the other hand, have dismissed revisionists as using dubious means to undo the work of revolution. Both schools of thought, ideologies can be useful in the implementation of the law. When analyzed, they can tell how investigation officers who ascribe to either of the two paradigms have portrayed these ideologies in solving criminal cases. The traditionalist school of thought is important for various factors. One is that it helps to appreciate the knowledge of previous generations. By using this approach, law enforcement agents can find a way to finding a solution to a criminal situation. Another advantage is that traditionalists appreciate that even though people from previous generations were not as technologically advanced as those in the present generation, progression patterns can be seen. This is because even though inferior to the present generation, they were superior to those that came before them. This approach helps in analyzing details so as not to miss the point that was missed in previous events. This approach can, however, be detrimental because the circumstances that were there in the past could be different in present cases. Another disadvantage is that with improved technology, the way to solve problems today is through the use of better technological tools to help analyze present cases. This theory is advantageous in that it puts into place the facts and circumstances of the time. The benefit of this is that all scenarios will be considered before taking a certain direction during criminal investigations. Another advantage is that it looks at a particular even not as though it was inevitable due to past occurrences, but as one that happened due to circumstances just prior to the event. It is necessary to look at a particular instance, independent of other historical chains of events, but overlooking such matters can be detrimental during investigations. There could be different sides of the story.