Principles Of Crop Science Environmental Sciences Essay

Principles Of Crop Science Environmental Sciences EssayThe increasing population of the world has led to great issues dealing with demand and proviso. This in turn leads to advancements in various scientific and cultural techniques to use the limited available resourcefulnesss in an effective way. The alarming issue in the recent days same urbanization, uncommon area for agriculture, limited availability of resources and food security has led to development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to resist against pest and widows weeds. Among various issues coming up, this paper mainly discusses about the major work care practices to improve harvest home for high yield and profit which is equally as important as GMOs.Crop circumspection practicesThere are various methods of crop focusing practices, varying according to the types of resources used, climate and various other natural factors that involves the type of management to choose. Crop management involves growing crop s on a massive scale, by involving methods like tillage, crop rotation, inter cropping, culling, composting, pest control and weed management, effective resources capture, irrigation techniques and hybridization. Few of the major management techniques are discussed below.Weeds, Pests and Disease controlThe European Weed Science Society defines weed as any instal or vegetation, excluding fungi, interfering with the objectives or requirements of people. reduction of crop yield is the major reason for attempts to reduce weed population in arable crops. The first attempts at controlling weeds used manual of arms labour and hand-hoeing which, at present days is a time consuming process. Thus a major development was the development of herbicides (Naylor, 2002).The worldwide efficacy in controlling weed (68%) was considerably higher than the control of animal pests or diseases (39% and 32%, respectively). The continuous use of herbicide and pesticides led to the appearance of resistant b iotypes of weeds and pests, playing major office staff in contamination of the environment 2.In the recent days the integrated weed management (IWM) approaches plays a vital role as they incorporate multiple tactics of prevention, avoidance, monitoring and suppression of weeds, undergirded by the knowledge of agro ecosystem biology. The development of IWM was motivated by a desire to provide farmers with positive approaches to reduce reliance upon herbicide and retard the selection of herbicide-resistant biotypes. 5Worldwide, pre-harvest and post-harvest losses to insects, weeds, and plant pathogens are estimated at 45 percent additional losses can be attributed to vertebrate pests. Selection of resistant varieties, rotation crops, crops for inter plantings and cover cropsis important for successful crop production with minimal inputs of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Studies say that the use of pesticides has non solved the pest problem completely and in the past 50 years, insecticide use has increased tenfold, while crop losses from pest misemploy aim doubled. Thus still there are studies being carried on pest control. The natural methods of control is more preferable for three major reasons like cost, safe to people and safe to environment also has no side effects. 4Pests and diseases impact on crop yield and quality, and also reduce resource-use efficiency. Improved crop protection strategies to prevent such damage and loss can increase production and make a substantial contribution to food security. (Advances in plant disease and pest management, J. A. LUCAS,2010)Irrigation techniqueIrrigation is the method of artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, victuals of landscapes, and rejuvenation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. The basic principle of irrigation is to help plants on evapo-transpiration process which plays a vital role in transit of nutrients from soil to any part of the plant. In simple words it is expressed as more than water supply More transpiration More CO2 More dry matterMore yield More ProfitThere are various types of irrigation techniques varying upon the climate, nature of soil, nature of vegetation. In general, the goal is to supply the entire field uniformly with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. The earliest methods of irrigation were the perennial, basin and the judiciary irrigation and the recent days developments were the sprinkler (gun sprinkler, portable solid-set sprinkler, pivot systems, side-roll sprinkler etc) and micro irrigation (drip irrigation). The type of irrigation technique plays a major role in the crop yield. But each irrigation systems have its own limitations and thus it is very important to choose the most suitable irrigation technique for particular variety of crop, after studying its various properties on its egress and development. For example, a study made in the western United States corn belt showed variation in the yield differing between the pivot and surface irrigation. therefrom choosing the right way of irrigation method is also an important way of crop management 32.3. Resource captureThe principle of resource capture is to provide a framework through which the productivity of vegetation can be analysed through the capture and conversion of environmental resources. The most basic resources that a plant would give are from the atmosphere and soil. The plants obtain carbon dioxide, light, temperature, and humidity from the atmosphere, whereas obtains water and other mineral nutrients from the soil. So resource capture is classified as the above earthly concern and below ground resource capture.The crops depend on light for growth and depend on day length and temperature for its development. In the below ground resource capture, key natural resource which provides the mos t essential forms of nutrients for the plants growth which is associated with the integrated effect of management on most properties of soil that determines the sustainability and crop productivity is the soil. proficient soil quality not only produces good crop yield, but also maintains environmental quality and consequently plant, animal and human health.. Growing of crops single after another without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility, especially of nitrogen. Studies say that Zero- or minify tillage crop production practices, coupled with proper residue management can maintain or improve soil organic matter and has the potency to substantially increase long-term crop production in semi-arid rain fed regions. 1ConclusionNaylor,1 Long-term soil management effects on crop yields andsoil quality in a dryland AlfisolK.L. Sharmaa,*, Uttam Kumar Mandala, K. Srinivasa, K.P.R. Vittala,Biswapati Mandalb, J. Kusuma Gracea, V. Rames ha , Soil Tillage Research 83 (2005) 246-2592 Advances in weed management strategiesC.M. Ghersaa,*, R.L. Benech-Arnoldb, E.H. Satorreb, M.A. Martnez-Ghersaa, Field Crops Research 67 (2000) 951043 High-yield irrigated maize in the Western U.S. Corn Belt II. Irrigationmanagement and crop water productivityPatricio Grassinia, Haishun Yangb, Suat Irmakc, John Thorburnd, Charles Burre, Kenneth G. Cassmana,-, Field Crops Research 120 (2011) 133-1414 about agrometeorological aspects of pest and diseasemanagement for the 21st centuryJoyce Fox Strand, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 103 (2000) 73-825 Targeting the farmer decision making process A piece of land to increasedadoption of integrated weed managementR.S. Wilson a,*, N. Hooker e, M. Tucker d, J. LeJeune c, D. Doohan b, Crop Protection 28 (2009) 756-764