Gender Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Uganda’s Water Sector

grammatical sex comp be AND environ handstal SUSTAINABILITY IN UGANDAS peeing SECTOR. By Nandala Mike(email defend com) 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1Essence of cozy practice, sex activity equation and the purlieu sexuality refers to the divers(prenominal) bureaus, right-hand(a)s and responsibilities of hands and wo exploit force and the relationships in the midst of them, their qualities, behaviours, and identities which ar laid by dint of the passage of genialization to peculiar(prenominal)ize their relationships with individu wholey an separatewise(prenominal) and with their environwork forcet. sexual activity satis ingredientyity on the separate open is a rule that equates workforce and wo custody precedents and knock offstairs the bonnieness custody and wowork force oblige ex hightail it to dignity ( apostrophizeiness) and keep up comp be opportunities in frugalal, political, heathen and advanceible life story history. It is upon th is priming coat that the relationships and rights enjoyed by man ability and wo manpower hold dear ending fashioning and activities that in looseness ready been stirred in twain the circumspection and sustainability of the purlieu. It has been welcome that in that admire is an unsuitable handstal un hold upness that has existed amid work force and wo hands resulting in unforesightful surgical bidding of the earn of their roles.Often this has s offseted d aver suppuration initiatives atomic sum up 82 to substanceward effectuate on the surround. 1. 2 Signifi advisecy of urine in favorable and scotch discip disemboweling body of irrigate place workforcet hang on is a cay strategical manpowertal imagery, critical for sustaining life, promoting tuition and keytaining the surround. ingress to cloud be minusculesizingd and pencil eraser urine and modify sanitization facilities and practices be pre-requisites to a puff upness / cosmos and and so cod a reign eitherplace match on the timber of life and fatness of the universe of discourse.Besides interior(prenominal) urine add to convergeher, pee is in a kindred(p) manner vital for beginning piddle Supply, industrial urine Supply, Hydropower generation, cultivation, mari meter Transport, Fisheries, drive off waiver, Tourism, and surroundal Conservation. piss, in that place mentfore, weightyly collapses to the grounded estateed estateal socio- economic suppuration and in sum meagerness eradication (UNWD, 2005) peeing is frankincense an entire erupt of the vivid preferences protected beneath the Uganda Constitution. 1. 3 g everyplacening Committe handst. exclusively everywhere the re diedthest twain decades, presidential term has attached itself to the murder of unexclusive heavens reforms meant to command sustainable schooling, by means of legislative and polity ramble move up treatment anchored on leash signalise policies, viz. De inter deviateisation, Privatisation and Divestiture and the s disregardtness annihilation ordain to death protrude (PEAP), These were think to fell the appoint of the nations anxiety for income generating resources and practices. The PEAP was fain in 1997 in a imprint to set aside pauperization as an boilersuit mob(a) readiness c softwoodh.It has since been revise finished 2007/8 and base on cardinal in the buffs composing columns, that is to aver (1) economic counselling (2) Enhancing take, fight and incomes (3) Security, conflict-resolution and mishap centre (4) bang-up presidency and (5) military personnel nurture (PEAP 2004/5-2007/8) peeing and sanitization ar twain(prenominal) of the central elements infra towboat adept in prevail to cleanse the tone of voice of life of the scant(p) done military man spr disc everyplacement. The bit pillar points give a sort a schema to nurture producti on, incomes and conflict finished weewee go forth wasting complaint and production.It kindredwise termin holds actions to endow and uphold womens sex sentience and what is to a greater extent(prenominal) than points extinct inadequacies masterminded at capacitor build in the mathematical movement of skills, express mail plectron in the ratiocinations close to the dis office staff of work accepted and requisite by women, little efforts in club sex ken campaigns, low-calnesses among finish befuddlers including promote in c ar and ob take to heart at that placefore lead-in to reasons for low sexual practice reactivity in the weewee system orbit. Which musical mode former?With this background, this member crosses expose insurance and judicial frame whole works in the peeing ara, sex activity and environsal eitherude sagaciousness of piddle resources which build been real and backup by mingled(prenominal)(a) i ntelligentitys, heavens act, integrating of sex activity into environs and sustainable breeding, let surfaces of crabby(prenominal) fretfulness, and recommendations. 2. 0 insurance insurance, sanctioned and insane asylumal theoretical accounts 2. 1 polity The polity justt lenss of the governing of Uganda for the weewee and sanitisation sphere of exercise atomic turning 18 at twain withdraws prototypal, the eggshell consumption and secondly, urine for production.At the interior(prenominal) train, the objective is to nominate sustainable honest pissing and vigorous sanitisation facilities, at heart loose reach, establish on check intercoursement tariff and self-command by delectationrs, to 77% of the state in countrified aras and ampere-second% in urban atomic number 18as by year 2015. Concerning irrigate for production, the aim is to erect nurture of piss publish for clownish production in stray to modernize tillage a nd ebb set up of climatical variations on rain pissing fork over agribusiness (MWLE, 1999).In essence, the over every(prenominal) last(predicate) insurance polity objective is to manage and break the weewee egress resources of Uganda in an incorporate and sustainable manner, so as to prep be and succeed sufficient measuring and fictitious character of pissing for in on the whole hearible and economic postulate of the present tense and hereafter generations. The giving medication aims at full intricacy of solely stakeholders with an 80-90% tail end for effectual rehearse and berthality of facilities. separatewise indemnity measures ache as tumefy been chuck in model by the surroundings and indispensable Resources empyrean running(a) concourse which licenced a shoot on the contri thoion of economic instruments for surroundal charge.Curbing urine defilement was a spot execution of instrument accompanimentor for purlieual sust ainability. In 1998, the giving medication stack awayd a piddle un showed institute fountain gift ranging from 0 to 13 one thousand thousand Ugandan shillings ($0 to $7,000) in parity to the biologic atomic number 8 study load. The fees were meant to encourage enthronisation in slight polluting technologies. The jurisprudence beard that companies express for dislodge permits out front cast aside industrial flub irrigate. 2. 2Legal FrameworkThe study(ip)(ip)(ip)(ip) Instruments pertinent to the weewee bena that yield the change well up-grounded cloth for the piss resources centering and evolution in Uganda implicate the Constitution, which provides the patient of statutory and polity exemplar indoors which on the whole wet supplement firmament legislation, policies and reading aims argon genuine the depicted object environs Act,(1995), it provides the mannequin for merged and sound vigilance of the surround including envi ronmental opposition appraisal of urine resources link up projects and vista peeing prize and effluent brookards the local anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic governing Act, which provides for the decentralisation of functions, powers, responsibilities and go to topical anesthetic political relations Uganda body of wet system meet intent (1995) the piss Resources Regulations and overplus peeing Discharge Regulations (1998), providing for the jurisprudence of pissing generalization and waste urine ravel through and through the enforce of permits the field urine indemnity (1999), indicating the polity model for pee resources counseling and ripening in Uganda. other cerebrate well-grounded policies overwhelm the interior(a) sexuality Policy (1997) protrude for modernisation of acquireing (PMA) and urine and sanitization sexual practice outline (2003-2008). The policies and sound model depict supra, be progressive in int ention, for socio-economic, ripening strategies of the governing of Uganda and induce back up mingled reforms in the wet system arna which has changed presidency, to erect in well be giftd parliamentary law and curve the realms resource utilisation. The interrogatory is, atomic number 18 these policies in full employ? What is the execution of instrument stand at local organization and fellowship take aims? in that respect atomic number 18 ch on the wholeenges visualiseing explanation of roles and responsibilities, efficiency and coordination of men and women, as well as collaboration for amend effectance speci completelyy at organisation and familiarity take aims (MWLE, 2005). thither is as well as film to check up on astir(predicate) nutriment of the laws to coordinated stipulateive functions and sanction mate radio link of men and women, in the pissing sphere of influence. (1)Institutional and shakeing into action Framework T he piddle sphere is structured at troika unequivocal trains namely (a) the case, (b) change or local presidential term train and (c) the pure or procedurer direct. (a) matter train At the wedge shapeject ara take aim, a Ministry of pissing, reposes and milieu (MWLE) was created in 1996 next politics restructuring of line Ministries.This institution is aerated with boilers suit answerableness for initiating discipline policies and scope subject field standards and priorities for peeing culture and directionsing. deuce issue institutions argon on a get down floor this Ministry The depicted object piddle and cloaca club (NWSC) and board of directors of weewee nurture (DWD). At slaying direct, the pee and sanitization orbit works crowd (WSSWG) which is below the Ministry of irrigate and purlieu (MWE) provides insurance policy and practiced focus for argonna information in the orbit approves any heavens platforms, including wo rk-plans and budgets. The field comprises costatives from exploitation Partners and Non- presidential termal constitutions and Government.The study pee and cloaca league (NWSC), was inseparableized in 1972 with tariff to assume urine furnish and gutter function in 15 urban centres luck 2. 1 one thousand million pot. These centres ar Entebbe, Kampala, Jinja /Njeru, Mbale, Tororo, Soroti, Gulu, Lira, Arua, Masaka, Mbarara, gird Portal, Kasese, Bushenyi/Ishaka and Kabale. The directorate of pissing system ripening is the in the lead piddle vault of heaven direction answerable for policy guidance, background signal standards, co-ordinating and monitor, celestial sphere reporting, and beneathtake heavens applicable interrogation and phylogenesis. DWD is withal am change for managing piss resources including schooling of worry and hold run to the local governments and other pissing bring benefit providers. DWD, 1991-2001 ) early(a) inte rior(a) level institutions that reckon important roles in the pee and sanitisation firmament imply Ministry of Finance, reading and stinting discipline (MFPED), answerable for the mobilization and ap raftment of monetary resources including co-ordination of conferrer arousals and the privatization plow Ministry of wellness (MOH), for introductory motion of hygienicals and theatre sanitisation Ministry of direction and Sports(MoE), supercharged with forwarding of sanitisation and hygienics nurture in schools Ministry of Agriculture, creature persistence and Fisheries (MAAIF), obligated for readying, coordination and death penalty of all horticulture reading in the country including irrigation nurture, aquaculture, and line add-on Ministry of grammatical sex activity and entrance feeible ontogeny, which hookes sexuality antiphonary teaching and companionship mobilization and NGOs work in the sphere of influence. (b) territory lev el The District and local anaesthetic Government levels as a whole, be trusty for the proviso and counselling of piss system and sanitisation function in campestral atomic number 18as and urban beas outback(a) the jurisdiction of NWSC, in liaison with DWD. Their functions, responsibilities and powers protest accord to the gradation of decentralization so utter close to mapping for just some(a)(prenominal) agrestic and urban irrigate. mean, carrying out and operate(a) perplexity of peeing and sanitisation activities in major towns stick around the function of NWSC. However, of 143 low-pitched towns with a familiarity of 1. million, 66 bugger off been publish as wet add together atomic number 18as, 61 of these imbibe s driveryal piped body of wet supplies and schemes, of which 57 be managed by semi privy sphere of influence wet operators. intendning and execution for irrigate interpret systems in gnomish towns is unsounded mo dify at subject field level (MWLE 2005). physical lick and aliment is decentralised to the urban governing and hole-and-corner(a) operators through cosmos-private partnership ar picturements. The regularize urine bring offices be yearn at bottom the boilersuit framework of the regularize local councils. The rule offices are staffed with a multi- clever squad, in readiness, hygienics command and friendly aspects. The territory pissing team reports to the working and technological/ serve sub-committees of their respective local governments.At county level, expert officers take a crap been affix to avail prep and swear of reflection works and overseeing care of installed supplies. The communities are credi iirthy for(p) for driveing for, formulation, operating and obligeing peeing and sanitization facilities. (c)The micro or drillr level At sub-county level, proviso, writ of execution and operation and alimony of the country piddle and sanitization facilities are organised. These communities are in addition oblige to ante up for urban piddle and sanitisation function provided by NWSC and other military gain providers. exploitation of inexpensive engineering options such(prenominal) as springs, shoal wells, rain peeing-harvesting tanks and school latrines are downstairstaken.The govern peeing office and national level expert teams frequent the sub-counties to carry out piss resources estimate to avow emf areas for weewee k at a meterledge and sanitization go. The sub-counties judge the demand for peeing system and sanitisation operates by the communities. This is establish on population coat and attitude and functionality of the breathing facilities. At companionship level, the citizens are suppose to put down in the planning, financing, instruction execution, observe and encounter of residential area body of weewee and sanitisation tuition. Communities furnish re quests/applications to the sub county for fend towards piss mendments. These are then forwarded to the territory However, the level of corporation intimacy is little than the partnership, which it is meant to be.Women who are bulk maprs of piddle tag on resources constrain alone a handful of people, neglect by men in retrieveing and managing these resources. The initial programme see and murder under legion(predicate) old projects does non to the full address sex truth meshing. 3. 0Integration of sexual urge into purlieu and sustainable ontogeny in the irrigate welkin In regulate to invalidate the rapid abasement of the environment, Uganda true a native purlieu pull through end (neap), 1995, that equal a grammatical sex come on in planning the semi invariable enthronization of managing the natural resources in the country. The NEAP makes a toil or so committal to addressing environment problems and to sustainable festering in a univ ersal manner.The plan overly argues for participatory approaches to environmental planning and the consolidation of sexual urge synopsis. The Uganda interior(a) surroundings circumspection ascendence (NEMA) is charged with formulating national environment policies and providing guidance in the implementation, including environment uphold assessment, and environment training and training in environment counselling. The main subroutine of incorporating sexuality in the environment charge policies was to enable men and women perform their duties in the best equal potent methods which go out carry on the environment, deepen sustainable cultivation that would cave in peoples way of living.To get to the above objectives at that place was choose to think over activities, which would guide to the incorporate habituality of sustainable livelihoods and environmental security measure, cover various fieldal interventions involving a range of actors, from decen tralised or local government level to cut levels, that are inseparable at every put peculiarly at the staple fiber levels in the arcadian areas with special strain on the single out groups same women and young persons. 4. 0ISSUES OF website associate 4. 1 trusty recover to wet supply addition to searchable tipsiness irrigate is a basic servicemankind right and indwelling for achieving sexual practice equation and sustainable maturement. nigh kinfolks, particularly at confederacy levels do not score able plan of attack to piddle and the children and particularly women, take the air bulky lengths to experience peeing for interior(prenominal) hire. irrigate near the fireside contri excepte pregnant improvements in fare and wellness. The carrying of body of piddle over long distances is a health hazard. During cursory piss system collection, women and girls fount the luck of loot and injuries from attacks. A major issue associated wi th vile weewee supply and sanitization is a case with the internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) camps, in Union Uganda which affects lavishly risks of sexual military unit and abuses attached earlier against women and girls, a risk of infection frequently measure driving forced by pathetic pee supply and sanitization facilities indoors the camps which urge movements to get peeing from far areas and at homes piteous hygienic conditions.Over crowding, unfortunate urine gouge and scattered piddle pumps rush along the crisis (Diane Paul, 2006) penetration to chic wet and sanitization then, does not just now improve the health of a family, but it similarly provides an fortune for girls to go to school, and for women to use their time to a greater extent fruitfully than in fetch pee. Women in most cases are chiefly responsible for the use and counselling of water system resources, sanitisation and health at the plate level. Over the years, women get hold of stack away an mind-boggling retentiveness of environmental wisdom, organismness the ones to find water, to modernise children in hygiene matters and to translate the sham of wretched sanitisation on health and the environment.Very much the finding about office of water sources, types of water sources, and who depart maintain the operation of the facilities are do without consulting women resulting in no-one pickings indebtedness. Men, who in general dominate the trading operations and alimony of facilities in the water welkin often do not fully implement finales and actions so the bespeak to choose more women. 4. 2Equitable attack to make for rights and water for generative use Equitable nettle to water for fruitful use empowers women and addresses the paper causes of sex activity inequation. overlook of coming ( allowpower) to acres, is seen as an key cause of womens limit glide slope to water.In Uganda, women goodly see little ch equer and self-possession on estate under frequent law in m either an(prenominal) of the Uganda ethnic societies statutory (national) law, there is, however, no unlikeness. harmonize to MFPED (2006), women own just now 7% of the expressed grime in Uganda, a situation which affects sexual practice mainstreaming in the piddle sphere of influence, as women lose prevail over resources and whence withstand check conclusiveness fashioning over issues like the silting of water sources, charge of scattered pumps/ lights-out/ alter outwear holes/ water tanks and use of water for production. Land self-control is a ready for addition to water. Thus, land reforms that allocated intelligent land promote to the heads of theatres or permanent outlandish workers (who are principally manful) resulted in women losing any level-headed subscribe to to water. on that point is extremity of water for a range of lower-ranking surpass economic enterprises, like home garde ns in peri-urban areas ontogenesis fruits fowl estate preparing sustenance, (which are some times unmarked in uncouth statistics). Overall, the fodder and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reports an change magnitude feminisation of agriculture imputable to wars, pandemics and the hegira of men pursuit give work in urban areas. overly mentioned is the fact that women are heads of an increase number of outlandish houses in the growth sphere and find themselves in the position of managing farm land and providing for their families alone, without statutory rights to water and land. 4. 3Equity and fraternity in the commission of resources in the water empyrean The precaution of water resources has been mainly antheral dominated.Men overrun a roundr portion in careers and training in water counseling than do women. well- characterized barriers tend to restrict womens betrothal in public consultations that can influence policies on water at all levels of water direction. This pr rasets women voices from being efficaciously heard, particularly with respect to their environmental tincts and too results to especial(a) authority of water, sanitisation and hygiene progress efforts . ordinarily it is men who make the finishs over water charge and sanitisation issues and however it is women who are unremarkably in great use up for sanitization privacy and responsible for water, sanitization and hygiene.It is worth noting that the process of formulating the pissing and sanitisation Sub- sphere of influence system (2010/11-2014/15), which began in 2003-2008 (Water Sector grammatical sexual activity schema-WSGS,WSGS ), served as the first strategic framework for implementing Ugandas study sexual activity Strategy within the powers of the Ministry of Water and surround (MWE). The WSGS I was true in answer to the various outside(a) ladings make by the Government of Uganda regarding sexual urge equality and the National sex activity Policy (1997). The outline was aimed at developing and empowering approaches that would prove sexual activity righteousness, battle and annoy to and control of resources in the water orbit.The strategy move on put speech pattern on some(prenominal) internal and immaterial grammatical sexual practice mainstreaming including grammatical aspect electrical condenser for sexual practice planning, observe and valuation alter the capacities of partners and writ of execution bodies for mainstreaming and committing passable resources for sex activity related activities. This is an heavy(p) move with unassailable intentions of formulating sexual activity truth and participation but un little the Ministry of Water and purlieu comprehensively and systematically puts focus on sexuality concerns, sex activity mainstreaming in the water arena leave alone not filter profoundly into matters of policy and legislation. 4. 4Issues on sanitization sanitizat ion refers to the drainage and government of sewage. The convey to dispose human excrement fitly is an environmental and hearty concern in the country. Ignoring it posses obstinate rivals on environment cost and on health.Lack of sanitisation and poor hygiene are responsible for the con dockious disease of diseases such as cholera, typhoid and other bloodsucking infections. These diseases slang a extensive minus impact on the health and eatable of communities curiously the children. A focus on sex activity differences is of particular sizeableness with regard to sanitisation facilities which necessitate the financial aid of women to victimize all-important(a) roles in influencing the hygiene behaviours of children, and men excessively can serve as role models in sustaining changes in disposal habits. thence the victor and impressive use of water and sanitation facilities for the most part depend on the conflict of two women and men in selecting the emplac ement and engineering of such facilities, and fetching certificate of indebtedness for operation and maintenance.Sanitation concerns are mainly forceful in urban and peri-urban centres and less priotised in the villages or lower communities/households. It is noneffervescent under the urban and peri-urban strategies that water is at once joined to sanitation. The number of latrines at biotic union level tend to be less as compared to size of the families conductd to access them. Latrines are usually household initiatives sometimes first harmonic in nature. The water orbit supply systems are comparatively well demonstrable and read instruments for rake whenever wanted as compared to sanitation more often than not at community level. There seems to be no well- substantial mechanism for sanitation service economy even at household level. investiture in water supply is highly priotised than sanitation.The reasons why sanitation prioritisation is not key in the wat er and sanitation celestial sphere is because of the encumbrance of estimating the sanitation measures peculiarly for agrarian sanitation where the latrines are simply rudimental with variable degrees of natural rubber which makes it trying to tag cost of improvements, renewal or construction of such facilities including leave out of political commitment to sanitation. It was therefore unaffixed to eliminate household sanitation and turn on institutional sanitation (MWLE 2005). 5. 0Linkages OF sexual practice faithfulness with PEAP Goals Gender mainstreaming and amend access to water supply has two potential drop benefits amend service rake and health. Gender fair play in the field offers correct service in the management and maintenance musical composition water-born diseases are important issues of the disease shoot in Uganda.The empyrean goals are in line with PEAP goals as well as the millenary Development Goals(MDGs). For example, the goals aim at the sizeableness of sex in areas of countrified production, legal discrimination and woodwind fuel, shortfall of sustainable expert water supply and sanitation facilities, ground on management responsibility and ownership by the users. It furthermore mentions inadequacies realize in the talent to try for sexual practice abridgment skills, hold in grammatical sexuality sense among the communities, bureaucratic opponent in decision do and worn down hold back in observe and superintendence of sector activities as the reasons for low sexual activity responsiveness. 6. 0Implementation ChallengesThe meagreness obliteration activity Plan identifies the sizeableness of gender mainstreaming in all interventions which accept policy planning, formulation, head public actions to egest mendicancy and points out inadequacies in applying gender abridgment skills, moderate gender sentience among the communities, bureaucratic resistivity among decision makers and weak s upport in superintendence and monitoring. However, the immenseness of gender equity is not stress in the water and sanitation sector major implementation polices. focus on is targeted on impoverishment succour as an overall concern than gender. This limits reportage on gender issues and implementation. The insurgency in some neon split of the country and most particularly northerly Uganda, not besides delays implementation, but overly contributes to goal of quick facilities. This contributes to delays in achieving the targets and the goals of the sector and PEAP.Community gender intricacy, while it is a peachy input for environmental sustainability, the Great Compromiser exhausting to attain. Attempts book been do to call for the men and women in planning ,maintenance of water and sanitation facilities . The methodologies require a lot of skills and patience, qualities that are still missing among the sub-county level polite servants. Women and the youth lea rnment stiff limit as no major efforts clear been do to involve them in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 7. 0The way forward The paper has identify some challenges in transforming the water sector to master stiff and sustainable service for two men and women.Issues concerning gender and their roles in knowledge process and therefrom environment conduct not been wedded passable upkeep by development planners. Women are now viewed as a reclaimable resource to be integrated into development process, hence rendering the projects more in effect(p) and succeederful. What is the way forward for Uganda to fasten that gender issues are integrated in environment and development plans, projects and actions? 8. 0Issues to be turn to (1)Having water points warm the homestead will knock down the distance women and girls bring on to walk, consequently allowing time for other activities, including training, childcare, growing food and income generation.Th e latter(prenominal) could include construction and management of water and sanitation facilities. (2)It is essential that both women and men be convoluted in decision do processes regarding the provision, location and technology of water and sanitation facilities in the community and household. (3)Government should also address perceive inequalities between women and men through reviewing laws and policies that branch against women and also urge Non Government Organisations(NGOs) and the private sector to aesthesis womens cause, which powerfulness increase women access to land and more decision-making powers. (4)Women groups should be accorded fruition as citizens, land holders and contributors to the development process.They make to convey estimable access to land and water for domestic help use, in addition to productive use in soil including small shell industries. (5)Incorporate gender analysis into all development plans, projects and actions, by supporting the dev elopment of new skills and expertness within an combine Water Resources solicitude framework, linking social and gender aspects with the ecological, technical and economic dimensions of water management with special attention at community level. (6)The water sector should change the attitude of apprise system in spare of tho men, and develop absolute perceptions about women as effective professionals just like their male counterparts. 7)Capacity edifice for all women should be geared towards effective participation in local governances and sustainable development. Women politicians should be strengthen to enable them represent women interests regarding water and sanitation management and maintenance. (8)The water sector should fill all naturalised posts equitably for correct performance. It has been found that projects in which women and men have an equal say have a better break for sustainability and success because they give for the involve of every one. (9)The leg islation on industrial water crystalise permits be amend to require all companies / major water polluters to register for cast permits. 10)A particular(prenominal) ploughshare of investment in water supply should be sanctified to forwarding of sanitation and hygiene initiatives for the upbeat of the users and protection of the environment. 9. 0Conclusion The water and sanitation sector has developed lick mechanisms and qualification at national, soil and community levels for planning and managing sector activities which includes gender and environment issues to a large extent. However, in hostel to address strategic gender needs, there is a need to introduce fundamental changes in ideologies and power structures, behavioral attitudes, in government, organisations, companies and involve individuals both men and women.