Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs finished rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is make between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. The process relies on the idea that organisms respond to stimuli, and that if they can be taught to associate a particularized stimulus with a particular behavior, they will be more in all probability to engage in or avoid the behavior, depending on the type of stimulus involved.In the other hand, uncorrupted conditioning is a learning process that occurs through association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally stimulus. It involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. While operant conditioning and classical conditioning techniques sh be some similarities, it is important to take care the differences between them. One of the major differences involves the types of behavior that are c onditioned. While classical conditioning is centered on involuntary, automatic behavior, operant conditioning is focus on voluntary behavior.An example of classical conditioning could be when person flushes a toilet in your apartment building or your house, the shower down becomes very hot and causes you to dance back. Over time, you will begin to jump back automatically after hearing the flush before the water supply temperature changes. As a child my mother would always tell me to go to the store and buy fresh baked bread first social function in the morning, and I would immediately put a piece in my mouthpiece, years has past and the smell of fresh bread baking makes my mouth water.We have a lion in a circus. It learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a field goal to receive a food treat, this example is operant conditioning because stand up on a chair and jumping through hoops are voluntary behavior. You check the scratch return slot on a pay telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other telephones everyplace the next few days. This is also an example of operant conditioning because checking the coin return slot is also a voluntary behavior

If I Knew Then, What I Know Now

I am a thirty three division mavin- while(a) teen mother. Sixteen years ago, at the age of 17, I became gravid with a child that would eventu all toldy dictate, run, and be the deciding factor of who I would become. Well, lets be honest, still defining who I will be. Today, I feel the effects of how a teenage pregnancy, now proclaim by reality TV, has truly impacted my life now as an adult. How did this happen?At 17 I entered my junior year of laid- backbone school with a plan, I would graduate early, midyear at seventeen and leave off to Kent State University, where only a select few, yes I was one of them, would be omitted into the architectural program. My father had always wanted to be an architect, barely a civil war and its effects took a toll on my grandparents lives leaving my father responsible to help contri only whene to the family of hexad at an early age, so off into the work force he went, but he never let me forget that was his dream.So as a young girl I had a talent for drafting, drawing, and really enjoyed architecture as a focus in high school. My father couldnt have been prouder. So as a Sophomore I make the decision to move on from high school as fasting as I could and get into a really mature large up life by graduating early, as a junior, and being accredited into a prestigious program with Kent State. My father was proud I think up the day I had to tell my parents I was pregnant and at seventeen, I would still graduate early and possibly still go onto Kent for my program, but they knew different.I saw the disappointment in their eyes and their tone. My father although disappointed was at that place to help me how ever I saw fit. So at seventeen I graduated with honors in January, gave birth in March and kinda of entering Kent State University in August, I got married to the father of my girlfriend. What a mistake. Five months later, devastated by deceit and lack of involvement I left-hand(a) my husband and moved back in to my parents home. I resolute I had to get back on track and I try hard.The years that followed where lead by hard emotional court battles, let down relationships with boys that had no interest in being with a girl who was a mother of a and so two or three year old, so I decided to ask my father for a job, if I couldnt live out his dream as an architect then I maybe I could follow in his life time achievement with an auto company that had helped him develop a name and repute for himself, in our time. He was thrilled I wanted to work for him and chartered me immediately. One year into my employment with my father, I met my husband of 11 years, He did not seem to care of my past or how I got to where I was.He seemed only interested in how we could bugger off as a intermix family into a whole family without judgment. So we Married shortly after group meeting and have been married for eleven years. However that doesnt mean on that point hasnt been a price to pay. Id exchangeab le to judge that it all works out in the end. Id like to tell all those sixteen and seventeen year olds that it will all work out, but I would be a lie. After sixteen years of struggle and hardships I find myself alone again with my daughter trying to make it work.The action I took as a seventeen year old have an impact on my thirty quad year old life. I am continue to struggle to congeal who I and more importantly who we are, my daughter and I. If I could look back and tell that sixteen year old one thing it would ne not to be in such a rush to grow up and to truly listen to what my parents have to say. But I imbibe I do that that opportunity now to tell her that, and so I do every opportunity I get. I tell my daughter to plan a life for her and love, family and children will come, without remorse.

Chest Pain

CHEST PAIN titty Pain Overview If you argon having severe annoying, crushing, squeezing, or pressing in your boob that lasts more than a few minutes, or if the aggravator moves into your neck, leftover shoulder, arm, or jaw, go immediately to a hospital taking into custody de lead offment. bosom nuisance is 1 of the almost f compensateening symptoms a person can deal. It is roughlytimes difficult point for a doctor or otherwise medical labelup professional to tell what is causing pectus suffer and whether it is life-threatening. * Any part of the white meat of drawers can be the ready of the chafe sensation including the knocker, lungs, oesophagus, muscle, bone, and skin. Be drift of the complex nub distribution in the carcass, tit pain whitethorn actually modernize from another part of the body. * The stomach or other organs in the belly (abdomen), for example, can cause office pain. Potentially life-threatening causes of pectus pain are as follows Causes of tit Pain 1. Heart fire (acute myocardial infarction) A knocker aggress occurs when word form flow to the arteries that return the ve restoreable marrow (coronary arteries) becomes obturate. With decreased downslope flow, the muscle of the sum does not fulfill enough oxygen. This can cause damage, deterioration, and demise of the philia muscle. . angina pectoris pectoris angina pectoris is federal agency pain connect to an imbalance in the midst of the oxygen carry of the rawness and the amount of oxygen delivered via the short letter. It is ca utilise by blockage or tapering off of the strain watercrafts that fork up crosscurrent to the core group. angina is different from a heart attack in that the arteries are not completely blocked, and it causes little or no permanent damage to the heart. Stable angina occurs repetitively and predictably while exercising and goes away with rest. Unstable angina results in peculiar and unpredictable pain not relieved totally by rest, or pain that actually occurs at rest. . aortal dissection The aorta is the main arteria that supplies course to the vital organs of the body, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and intestines. Dissection means a excite in the inner lining of the aorta. This can cause massive privi ramificationed bleeding and interrupt crease flow to the vital organs. 4. pulmonic intercalation A pulmonic embolus is a rent clot in one of the major broth vessels that supplies the lungs. It is a potentially life-threatening cause of federal agency pain but is not associated with the heart. 5. railway carmatic pneumothorax Often called a collapsed lung, this curb occurs when piece of cake enters the sackfullike space amongst the chest wall and the lung tissue. Normally, controvert pressure in the chest cavity put ups the lungs to expand. When a spontaneous pneumothorax occurs, oxygenise enters the chest cavity. When the pressure balance is lost, the lu ng is unable to re-expand. This cuts off the normal oxygen supply in the body. 6. pierced internal organ A perforated viscus is a hole or tear in the wall of all area of the gastrointestinal tract. This allows air to enter the abdominal cavity, which irritates the diaphragm, and can cause chest pain. . cocain-induced chest pain Cocaine causes the blood vessels in the body to constrict. This can decrease blood flow to the heart, causing chest pain. Cocaine also accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis, a pret block up factor for a heart attack. Causes of chest pain that are not immediately life-threatening hold the following 8. Acute pericarditis This is an inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac that covers the heart. 9. mitral valve descensus Mitral valve descend is an anomalousity of one of the heart valves in which the leaves of the valve bulge into the fastness heart chamber during contraction.When this occurs, a little(a) amount of blood flows loath i n the heart. This is believed by some to be a cause of chest pain in certain mountain, although this has not been proven with certainty. 10. Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue. Chest pain occurs because of inflammation to the lining of the lungs. 11. Disorders of the esophagus Chest pain from esophageal disorders can be an alarming symptom because it a lottimes mimics chest pain from a heart attack. (a) blistering ebb disease (gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD, heartburn) occurs when acidic digestive juices flow backward from the stomach into the esophagus.The resulting heartburn is sometimes realized as chest pain. (b)Esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus. (c)esophageal spasm is defined as excessive, intensified, or unorganised contractions of the fluid muscle of the esophagus. 12. Costochondritis This is an inflammation of the cartilage surrounded by the ribs. Pain is typically located in the mid-chest, with intermittently dull and sharp pa in that may be additiond with of late breaths, movement, and deep touch. 13. herpes virus zoster also known as shingles, this is a reactivation of the viral infection that causes chickenpox.With shingles, a inflorescence occurs, ordinarily only on one small part of the body. The pain, often truly severe, is usually confined to the area of the rash. The pain may top the rash by 4-7 eld. Risk factors take any position in which the immune system is compromised, such as advanced age, HIV, or cancer. Herpes zoster is senior highly contagious to people who have not had chickenpox or have not been vaccinated against chickenpox for the tail fin geezerhood in the eldest built in bed and the five days after the appearance of the rash. HEART oncoming A heart attack is ca apply by coronary heart disease, or coronary artery disease.Heart disease may be ca utilise by cholesterol build-up in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis), blood clots, or spasm of the vessels that sup ply blood to the heart. Risk factors for a heart attack are- (a) last blood pressure (b) Diabetes (c) Smoking (d) High cholesterol (e) Family history of heart attacks at ages younger than 60 historic period, one or more old heart attacks, male gender (f) Obesity (g) Postmenopausal women are at higher endangerment than premenopausal women. This is thought to be due to disadvantage of the protective effects of the hormone estrogen at menopause.It was previously hardened by hormone supplements (hormone replacement therapy, or HRT). However, research findings have changed our thought on HRT hanker-term HRT is no longer recommended for most women. (h) Use of cocaine and similar stimulants. angina pectoris Causes 1. Angina may be caused by spasm, narrowing, or partial blockage of an artery that supplies blood to the heart. 2. The most common cause is coronary heart disease, in which a blood clot or buildup of fatty material in nerve the blood vessel (atherosclerosis) reduces bloo d flow but does not completely block the blood vessel. 3.Angina can be triggered by exercise or forcible doing, by emotional stress, or by certain heart bike disorders (arrhythmias) that cause the heart to beat very fast. Aortic Dissection Causes Aortic dissection may be caused by conditions that damage the innermost lining of the aorta. (a)These include anarchic high blood pressure, connective-tissue diseases, cocaine use, advanced age, pregnancy, congenital heart disease, and cardiac catheterization (a medical procedure). (b) Men are at higher risk than women. (c) A similar condition is aortal aneurysm. This is an enlargement of the aorta that can rupture, causing pain and bleeding.Aneurysms can occur in the aorta in the chest or the abdomen. Pulmonary intercalation Causes Pulmonary embolism risk factors include (a)Sedentary lifestyle, (b)Obesity, (c)Prolonged immobility, (d) Fracture of a long bone of the legs, (e) Pregnancy, (f)Cancer, (g) History or family history of blood clots, (j)Ir unfluctuating second (arrhythmias), (k) Heart attack, (l)Congestive heart failure. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Causes 1. Spontaneous pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs when the pressure balance between the sac that contains the lung and the outside atmosphere is disrupted. 2.Injury to the chest that pierces through to the lung sac is the most common cause of this condition. This can be caused by trauma, as in a car wreck, bad fall, gunshot wound or stabbing, or in surgery. 3. Some very thin and tall people may suffer a spontaneous pneumothorax due to stretched lung tissues and abnormal air sacs in the upper portions of their lungs. It is assertable for these abnormal air sacs to rupture with even a sneeze or excessive coughing. 4. Other risk factors for pneumothorax include AIDS-related pneumonia, emphysema, severe asthma, cystic fibrosis, cancer, and marijuana and crack cocaine use perforated Viscus Causes Perforated viscus may be caused by take aim or in operate f ault. Irritation to the diaphragm in this case comes from nether the chest. The diaphragm is the muscle that allows us to breathe. It is located up low the ribs and separates the chest and abdominal cavity. Any irritation to the diaphragm, even from below it, can cause pain to be felt in the chest. Risk factors not related to trauma are (a)Un handle ulcers, * (b)Prolonged or forceful vomiting, * (c)Swallowing a abroad body, * (d)Cancer, * (e)Appendicitis, * (f)Long-term steroid use, (g)Infection of the gallbladder, * (h)Gallstones, and * (j)AIDS. * * * Pericarditis Causes Pericarditis can be caused by viral infection, bacterial infection, cancer, connective-tissue diseases, certain medications, actinotherapy interference, and chronic renal failure. (a) One life-threatening complication of pericarditis is cardiac tamponade. cardiac tamponade is an accumulation of fluid around the heart. This prevents the heart from effectively pumping blood to the body. Symptoms of cardiac tam ponade include sudden flack of shortness of breath, fainting, and chest pain. Pneumonia CausesPneumonia may be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections of the lungs. defile colligate Causes Chest pain originating from the esophagus may have several causes. Acid reflux (GERD) may be caused by any factors that decrease the pressure on the lower part of the esophagus, decreased movement of the esophagus, or lengthen emptying of the stomach. This condition may be brought on by (a)Consumption of high-fat foods, (b)Nicotine use, (c)Alcohol use, (d)Caffeine, pregnancy, (d) sealed medications (for example, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, anticholinergics, estrogen, progesterone), (f)diabetes, g)scleroderma. (h) Esophagitis may be caused by yeast, fungi, viruses, bacteria, or irritation from medications. (j) Esophageal spasm is caused by excessive, intensified, or uncoordinated contractions of the smooth muscle of the esophagus. Spasm may be triggered by emotional hard put or swallowing very hot or cold liquids. Heart polish up Symptoms Typical heart attack pain occurs in the mid to left side of the chest and may also extend to the left shoulder, the left arm, the jaw, the stomach, or the back. Other associated symptoms are shortness of breath, increased sweating, nausea, and vomiting.Women may see symptoms of heart attack similar to men (chest pain), but they also may be more atypical. Atypical symptoms include (a) Neck pain (b) natter pain (c) Shoulder pain (d) Upper back (e) Abdominal discomfort, (f) steepness of breath, (g) Nausea or vomiting, (h) Abdominal pain, (j)Heartburn, (k) Sweatiness, (l) Light-headedness, (m) Dizziness, or (n) Unexplained fatigue. * Angina Symptoms Angina is similar to heart attack pain but occurs with tangible exertion or exercise and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.Angina becomes life threatening when pain occurs at rest, has increased in frequence or intensity, or is not relieved with at least tierce nitr oglycerin tablets taken five minutes apart. This is considered to be unstable angina, which may be a warning sign of an impending heart attack. Aortic Dissection Symptoms The chest pain associated with aortic dissection occurs curtly and is described as pull or tearing. The pain may ray to the back or between the shoulder blades. Because the aorta supplies blood to the entire body, symptoms may also include (a)Angina-type pain, (b)Shortness of breath, (c)Fainting, d)Abdominal pain, or (e)Symptoms of stroke. Pulmonary embolism Symptoms Symptoms of a pulmonary embolus include The sudden onset of shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and sharp pain in the mid chest, which increases with deep breaths. Symptoms of pneumothorax include The sudden onset of shortness of breath,sharp chest pain, rapid heart rate,dizziness, lightheadedness, or faintness. Perforated Viscus Symptoms Perforated viscus comes on suddenly with severe abdominal, chest, and/or back pain. Abdominal pain may incr ease with movement or when breathing in and may be attach to by a rigid, boardlike abdominal wall.Pericarditis Symptoms The pain of pericarditis is typically described as a sharp or stabbing pain in the mid-chest, turn by deep breaths. pain may mimic the pain of a heart attack, because it may radiate to the left side of the back or shoulder. One distinguishing factor is that the pain is worsened by lying flatbed and improved by leaning forward. When lying flat, the inflamed pericardium is in direct contact with the heart and causes pain. When leaning forward, there is a space between the pericardium and the heart. people report a recent cold, fever, shortness of breath, or pain when swallowing just before civiliseing pericarditis.Mitral Valve Prolapse Symptoms Mitral valve prolapse usually has no symptoms, but some people experience palpitations (sensation of rapid or strong heartbeat) and chest pain. Chest pain associated with mitral valve prolapse differs from that of typical angina in that it is sharp, does not radiate, and is not related to physical exertion. Other symptoms include fatigue, light-headedness, and shortness of breath. Complications include infection of the heart valves, mitral valve regurgitation (an abnormal blood flow within the chambers of the heart), and abnormal heart rhythms, which rarely cause sudden death.Pneumonia Symptoms The chest pain of pneumonia occurs during elongated or forceful coughing. The pain is usually one-sided an is worsened by coughing. Other associated symptoms include fever, coughing up mucus (sputum), and shortness of breath. Esophagus Related Symptoms With chest pain originating from the esophagus, symptoms depend on the source. * (a)Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include (b)Heartburn, (c)Painful swallowing, (d)Excessive salivation, (e)Dull chest discomfort, (f)Chest pressure, or (g)Severe squeezing pain across the mid chest. h)You may feel uncomfortable or may experience (j)Profuse swea ting, (k)Pallor, (l)Nausea, and (m)Vomiting. Symptoms of esophagitis include difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing, or symptoms of GERD. The chest pain comes on suddenly and is not relieved by antacids. The pain of esophageal spasm is usually intermittent and dull. It is located in the mid-chest and may radiate to the back, neck, or shoulders. DIAGNOSIS Heart Attack In the hospital emergency department, the wellnesscare providers use ternion basic procedures to decide if a diligent is having a heart attack. (a) The offset printing is the symptoms reported by the unhurried. * (b) The second is an electrocardiogram ( electrocardiogram or EKG), an electrical tracing of the hearts activity. On the ECG, it may be attainable to tell which vessels in the heart are blocked or narrowed. * (c) The third is measurement of enzymes produced by the heart muscle cells when they do not dupe enough oxygen. These enzymes are detectable with blood tests and are called cardiac enzymes. Ang ina Angina is appointd by the same methods doctors use to diagnose heart attacks. In angina, the test results reveal no permanent damage to the heart.The diagnosis is do only after the possibility of a heart attack has been rule out, usually by negative results on three sets of cardiac enzyme tests. the ECG may show abnormalities, these changes are often reversible. * Another way to diagnose angina is the stress test these tests monitor your ECG during exercise or other stress to identify blockages in blood vessels to the heart. * Cardiac catheterization is used to identify blockages. This is a special type of x-ray (angiography or arteriography) that uses a harmless dye to highlight blockages or other abnormalities in blood vessels.Aortic Dissection The diagnosis of aortic dissection is based on the symptoms the affected role describes, chest x-ray, and other special imaging tests. On a chest x-ray, the aorta forget have an abnormal contour or appear widened. * Transesophageal echocardiography is a specialised ultrasound of the heart in which a probe is inserted into the esophagus. The technique is performed under sedation or general anaesthesia. The dissection may be identified very accurately by a CT tire of the chest or angiography. * * Pulmonary Embolism * * The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is made from a variety of sources.Description of the perseverings symptoms and results of ECG and chest x-ray all may contribute to the diagnosis, but are not definitive. patient will be asked if they have had any symptoms of a blood clot in the leg. The healthcare provider may draw blood drawn from the patients artery to check the levels of oxygen and other gases. Abnormalities in blood gases indicate a line of work in the lungs that is preventing the patient from getting enough oxygen. A ventilation-perfusion glance (V/Q scan) compares blood flow to oxygen intake in different segments of the lung. An irregularity in just one segment can indicate an emboli sm.CT scan of the lungs is another way to determine if a patient has a pulmonary embolus. It may be done instead of the V/Q scan. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Spontaneous pneumothorax is diagnosed by physical exam and chest x-ray. A CT scan may be helpful in locating a small pneumothorax. Perforated viscus usually can be identified by a chest x-ray with the patient standing upright or an abdominal x-ray lying on the left side. -rays in these positions allow air to rise to the diaphragm, where it can be detected. The symptoms and the results of the physical exam and other lab tests also assist in diagnosis. * Pericarditis * * Acute pericarditis is usually diagnosed by the patients symptoms, serial ECGs, and echocardiography. Certain lab tests may be helpful in determining the cause. * * Pneumonia Pneumonia is diagnosed by the patients symptoms and medical history, physical examination, and chest x-ray. Esophagus Disorders of the esophagus causing chest pain are diagnosed by a answer of elimination. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the patients symptoms and medical history, after legal opinion out cardiac causes and observing whether the patient experiences pain relief from antacids.Chest Pain Treatment Self-Care at Home Heart Attack If you comic that you or someone you are with may be having a heart attack, call for emergency services or go to the close hospital emergency department. * While waiting for the ambulance, have the patient chew ii baby aspirin or at least half of a regular aspirin at least 160 mg. There is no evidence that taking more than this helps more, and the patient could have unwanted side effects if they take too much. * It is important to chew the aspirin before swallowing it because chewing decreases the time the medicine takes to have an effect.Chewing an aspirin in the early stages of a heart attack may reduce the risk of death and it may also reduce the severity of the attack. Angina If the patient has had angina and has nitrogly cerin tablets available, have the patient place one under the tongue. This may aid in increasing blood flow to blocked or narrowed arteries. If the chest pain continues in the next five minutes, take another tablet under the tongue. If, after three nitroglycerin tablets, the patient does not have relief of the chest pain, go to the nearest emergency department. Esophagus the pain is from acid reflux (GERD), it may be relieved with antacids.Even if the patients pain goes away after taking an antacid, do not assume they are not having a heart attack. The patient should still be evaluated in a hospital emergency department. medical examination Treatment Heart Attack Treatment 1. Treatment for a heart attack is aimed at increasing blood flow by hypothesis arteries blocked or narrowed by a blood clot. * 2. Medicines used to achieve this include aspirin, heparin, and clot-busting (thrombolytic) drugs. * 3. Other medications can be used to behindhand the heart rate, which decreases the workload of the heart and reduces pain. * 4. Angioplasty is a way of unblocking an artery.Angiography is done first to locate narrowing or blockages. A very thin ductile tube called a catheter is inserted into the artery. A tiny balloon on the end of the catheter is inflated. This expands the artery, providing a wider passage for blood. The balloon is then deflated and removed. Sometimes a small metal scaffold called a stent is placed in the artery to keep it expanded. * 5. Surgery may be required if medical word is unsuccessful. This could include angioplasty or cardiac bypass. * * Angina Treatment * * Treatment of angina is directed at relieving chest pain that occurs as the result of decreased blood flow to the heart.The medication nitroglycerin is the most widely used treatment. Nitroglycerin unfolds (widens) the coronary arteries. It is often taken under the tongue (sublingually). volume with known angina may be treated with nitroglycerin for three doses, five minutes apar t. the pain runs, nitroglycerin is given by IV, and the patient is admitted to the hospital and monitored to rule out a heart attack. Long-term treatment after the first episode of angina focuses on reduce risk factors for atherosclerosis and heart disease. Aortic Dissection Treatment 1. Suspected aortic dissection often is treated with medications that reduce blood pressure. 2. Medications that slow the heart rate and dilate the arteries are the most widely used. * 3. Close monitoring is required to vitiate lowering the blood pressure too much, which can be dangerous. * 4. operative repair is required for any dissection that involves the ascending (upward) portion of the aorta. * * Pulmonary Embolism Treatment * * 1. Anyone with a presumed or documented pulmonary embolism requires admission fee to the hospital. * * 2. Treatment usually includes supplemental oxygen and medication to prevent hike clotting of blood, typically heparin. * * 3.If the embolism is very large, clot-bus ting medications are given in some situations to dissolve the clot. * * 4. Some people undergo surgery to place an umbrella-like filter in a blood vessel to prevent blood clots from the lower extremities from moving to the lungs. * * Pneumothorax Treatment 1. A pneumothorax without symptoms involves six hours of hospital honoring and repeat chest x-rays. * 2. If the size of the pneumothorax remains unchanged, the patient is usually carry through with a follow-up appointment in 24 hours. * 3. If the patient develop symptoms or the pneumothorax enlarges, they will be admitted to the hospital.The patient will undergo catheter ingestion or have a chest tube inserted to restore negative pressure in the lung sac. Perforated Viscus Treatment Any din or perforation of the intestinal tract (viscus) is a potentially life-threatening emergency. quick surgery may be required. Pericarditis Treatment Viral pericarditis usually improves with 7-21 days of therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflamm atory agents such as aspirin andibuprofen (for example, Motrin). Pneumonia Treatment Pneumonia is treated with antibiotics, and pain medication is given for chest wall tenderness.Costochondritis Treatment Costochondritis is usually treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen. Esophageal Conditions Treatment The three major esophageal disorders that cause chest pain 1) acid reflux (GERD), 2) esophagitis, and 3) esophageal spasm, are treated with antacid therapy antibiotic, antiviral, or antifungal medication medication to relax the muscles of the esophagus or some combination of these. Follow-up No matter what the cause of chest pain, regular follow-up visits with your healthcare provider are important.This will help you remain as florid as possible and prevent worsening of your condition. barroom Heart Attack stripe legal profession of heart attack and angina involves living what the American Heart Association calls a heart healthy lifestyle. Reducin g your risk factors has a significant effect on reducing your risk. * (a) Dont smoke. * (b) Maintain a healthy weight. * (c) Eat nutritious, low-fat foods in moderate quantities. * (d) If you boozing alcohol, use alcohol moderately. * (e) Engage in physical activity or exercise for at least 30 minutes every day. (f) chasteness high blood pressure and high cholesterol. * (g) If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar every day. Aortic Dissection Prevention Aortic dissection may be prevented by controlling high blood pressure and getting puritanical screening if the patient has a familial disposition to this disorder. Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (a) Prevention of pulmonary embolism includes living a heart healthy lifestyle. (b) No one should smoke, but women older than 35 years who use birth control pills are at in particular high risk from smoking. c) When traveling on extended trips that require sitting for long periods of time (plane, car, train, etc. ) or other times of leg immobilization, get up and allow time for stretching and movement of the legs. Isometric contractions of the calves are helpful if getting out of the seat is not possible. * (d) If the patient has leg swelling, particularly if one is disproportionate to the other, see the doctor or healthcare provider. (e) You should always receive preventive anticoagulant medication after surgery, especially after orthopedic surgery.Spontaneous Pneumothorax Prevention Smoking cessation decreases the risk of spontaneous pneumothorax. Perforated Viscus Prevention Treating peptic ulcers appropriately and avoiding swallowing foreign bodies reduces the risk of perforated viscus. Pericarditis Prevention Because many cases of acute pericarditis are caused by viruses, effective handwashing may reduce transmitting of infectious viral agents. Pneumonia Prevention Effective handwashing and honest hygiene will help reduce the transmission of infectious viruses and bacteria that can cause pneumonia. Esop hagus DiseasePrevention (a) Acid reflux (GERD) can be prevented to a certain extremity in most people. * (b) annul foods and other substances that bring on or worsen symptoms, especially fatty foods * (c) Stop smoking * (d) Use alcohol in moderation, if at all * (e) Avoid eating large meals * (f) Avoid eating for three hours before bedtime * (g) Avoid lying down right after eating * (h) Elevate the head of your bed Outlook archaean medical intervention improves survival in potentially life-threatening illnesses involving chest pain.Heart attack and unstable angina Heart disease, which includes heart attacks and angina, is the tether cause of death for American adults . Whether you survive a heart attack depends on the time it takes to get medical treatment, the region and extent of injury within the heart, and the presence of any other risk factors. Aortic dissection This condition is life-threatening. Quick action in getting medical treatment is requisite with aortic dissectio n. When left untreated, roughly 33% of patients die within the first 24 hours, and 50% die within 48 hours.The two workweek mortality rate approaches 75% in patients with undiagnosed ascending aortic dissection. Pulmonary embolism Even with early treatment, 1 in 10 people with pulmonary embolism die within the first hour. It is treatable if it is not rapidly severe and caught early. Patients are often maintained on blood thinners as treatment. Pneumothorax Most people with this condition recover fully as long as it is not associated with other life-threatening injuries (like in an auto accident). It occurs mostly tall, thin, young people without lung disease.Patients who have had one spontaneous pneumothorax have about a 50% chance of recurrence. Other illnesses causing pneumothorax and complications from the chest tube placement may prolong or worsen the condition. Perforated viscus With early detection and intervention, the prognosis for perforated viscus is good in relatively h ealthy people. If you are in poor health prior to the perforation you will have a worse outcome. Acute pericarditis Although the course may vary with each person, the outcome is good if the disorder is treated promptly. Most people recover in two weeks to three months.Pneumonia In young, healthy adults, the prognosis for pneumonia is good with appropriate treatment. Prognosis is generally poorer in the elderly and in people with weakened immune systems such as those with HIV/AIDS. Chest pain originating from the esophagus Reflux disease (GERD) affects about one-fourth of the adult population and has a very low death rate. Esophagitis may lead to ulcerations, scarring, or narrowing of the esophagus. With the exception of possible perforation, which has a high death rate, the overall prognosis is good. Esophageal spasm has a good outcome.

African Americans in American Films Essay

African the Statesns in the Statesn Films approach Following the violent racism prevalent at the beginning of the circuit of the twentieth century, African the Statesn cultural elites, struggling to articulate a positive identity for the glum, developed a middle-class ideology of racial convulsion. Insisting that they were truly the representative of the races potential, black elites espoused an ethos of renovation and self-help to the black masses and distinguished themselves from the black majority as the agents of nicety hence they rebootred to it as the excite the race. A central assumption of racial uplift ideology was that African the Statesns moral progress and material would settle the white racism. The uplift of the black fraternity referred to the struggle of African Americans alert in the 19th and early twentieth century to forge and preserve positive identity in the U.S. society that reduced their existence to that singularly alienating phrase the li ghtlessness problem. This is actually demining and thats why they had to fight. What historians refer to as racial uplift ideology describes a prominent receipt of black middle-class spokespersons, leading and activists to the crisis marked by the assault on the political and civil rights of African Americans primarily in the united states to the south from roughly the 1880s to 1914. A generation earlier, the end of slavery and freedom had fueled African Americans optimistic pursuit of education, economic independence and wide citizenship, all told significant markers of freedom. Advocates of African American political and civil rights fought a lonely and tough struggle with few allies in a internal climate of anti-black racism. White gray politicians and elite opinion leaders defended white supremacy and proclaimed the mental, moral and physical depravity and low quality of blacks from the pulpit, press and university. The consensus was that blacks were unfit for ci tizenship of the U.S., and that neo- slavery, or the plantation slavery of menial exertion and shargoncropping, was the natural state of black mountain and that is where they belong. Guided by southern apologists for lynching, many whites, regardless of education or income, viewed the aspirations of black men and women by means of the warped lens of crude racial and sexual stereotypes that accused all blacks of crime and criminality. Given the occurrence of such frightening agencys of sunglasses of black, Africa America direction and fraternity spokespersons, a growing, but portion of the whole Africa America population, were under constant pressure to defend the picture and honor of macabre men and ladies. Black counselling in the North were much freer to take on in g overnmental demonstration and condemn national oppression in stronger conditions than those counseling in the southern part of, where governmental outspokenness could government issue in lynching or permanent exile. Obviously, then, tincture management differed on strategies for dealing with the blackness issue. So-called radicals endorsed demonstration and frustration against lynching and disfranchisement, contest complete citizenship rights traditional management recommended accommodation, self-help, and the desire of property-ownership. The issue of what type to arise and discipline was best suited for shades of black was a crack rod of argument. Some management, in the southern part of the U.S., preferred commercial-grade knowledge, which highlighted manual training for furthestming and skilled jobs. Other dark management reinforced college for Africa Individuals, to ensure the development of a management and professional category. With opportunities for knowledge of any type restricted by the white-colored Souths anger, and with the election of northern white-controlled philanthropy for commercial knowledge, what were basically complementary forms to train and le arning became a source of intense issue. Despite these governmental variations, dark management generally countered anti-black generalizations by focusing category variations among shades of black, and their essential subprogram as competition management. From their perspective, to uplift the race featuring their function as elites to diversity the character and manage the behavior of the dark community. Against persistent statements of dark immorality and pathology, knowledgeable shades of black battled a battle over the representation of their people, a strategy with uncertain effects and results. They knew as themselves as a better class of shades of black, and required recognition of their respectability, and blessed function as providers of European improvement and society. But in doing so, they brought in a state policies of internal category department (See also panel 53 in Edward Lawrences The Migration of the Negro.) that often seemed to internalize popular thought s of dark brotherly depravity and backwardness even as they desired to battle racial disparity. In other words, this method of opposing racial discrimination tacitly echoed popular radicals of category and sex structure. Their view that community improvement for shades of black was preferably calculated in patriarchal conditions of male-headed families and homes created stress betwixt knowledgeable men and ladies. Such objectives of women deference to men authority and management were challenged by many knowledgeable dark females, such as grey-haired Julia Cooper and the anti-lynching capitalist and reporter, Ida B. Bore holes. This version of national uplift school of thought as an anti-racist argument employed by knowledgeable shades of black is best understood as a complicated, varied and sometimes uncollectible reaction to a situation in which the range of governmental options for Africa America management was restricted by the aggressive and persistent racial discr imination of the post-Reconstruction U. S. Declares. By reinforcing their respectability finished the moralistic over stated claims of uplifting the competition, and suggesting the ethical guidance of the dark community, Africa America middle-class management and spokespersons were marginalizing the idea of uplift in its more democratic and inclusive sense of combine community progression and requirements for equivalent privileges. Many dark spokespersons desired to determine this tension between personal and team position by insistency that personal success helped the whole competition. However, many Africa America men and ladies considered the over stated claims of uplift as a call to community support. They introduced determine of self-help and support to the team in building educational, reformist community gospel singing chapels, social and fraternal organizations, settlement houses, magazines, trade labor unions, and other community institutions whose beneficial communit y impact surpassed the ideological limitations of uplift. In the last decade, icon students have focused an increasing amount of crucial attention on Oscar Micheauxs 1920 silent movie Within Our Gateways as an essential Africa America reaction to D. W. Griffiths infamously improper movie, The arising of a Country (1915). Oscar Micheauxs milestone movie offered a rebuttal to Griffiths translation of dark assault and crime with a stage of the injustices faced by Africa Individuals in a improper community. While Griffiths movie symbolizes dark men attacks on white-colored women cleanliness, Micheauxs movie sets the historical record straight with its interpretation of the attempted sexual attack of a dark woman by a white-colored man. But the national reversals in the p lot of the movie are not the moreover difficulties that Within Our Gateways presents to Griffiths movie. Within Our Gateways also surfaces The Beginning of a Country in the state policies of its appearanc e, specifically in its very divergent use of similar modifying. Griffiths movie uses crosscutting to animate a very simple resistance between white-colored virtue and dark aversion in contrast, Micheauxs movie uses a complicated modifying pattern to existing a larger community vision of many different, competing governmental roles inwardly both white-colored and Africa America community. The complicated plan of Micheauxs modifying is efficient in making up a viewer who is more politically crucial than the viewer constructed by the traditional The show biz industry design of Griffiths movie. Series in Micheauxs movie crosscut among phoebe bird or six different locations and twice as many characters consequently, Micheauxs movie requirements an engaged and innovative viewer to identify inconsistent and adverse community and governmental statements about the power structure of competition traffic in the U. s. Declares. The Negro Knight is a 1944 documented created by the U . s. Declares legions during World War II.1 The movie was created by Honest Capra as a follow up to his successful movie series why We Fight. The army used this movie as a means of propaganda to contain Africa Individuals to solicit in the army and battle in the war. A lot of people regarded the movie very highly, some going as far to say that The Negro Knight was one of the finest factors that ever happened to America.2 due(p) to both high reviews and great cinematography, The Negro Knight proved to be a large movie that affected army members and citizens of all competitions. The Negro Knight affected later Africa America movies and its viewers in different ways. The movie performed a considerable part in changing the types of roles that Africa Individuals genuine in following movies. For example, instead of showing shades of black only as slaves or sub servants, this movie showed Africa Individuals as lawyers, artists, athletes, and other treasured careers. In different movies during this time frame, Africa Individuals were often represented as singular figures. However, after The Negro Knight, Africa Individuals performed more decent and popular roles in movies. Furthermore, people came to realize how essential and significant a tool, movies were for telecommuting saves gas. Messages within movies, if indicated the catch up with way, could influence viewers greatly. The message within The Negro Knight overweight the notion and offered visual proof those national equal rights was a authorize idea and should be authorise. Africa Individuals around the country were very pleased with this movie. In both movies, the meaning of uplift was extremely competitive even among those who share it is designed. Ultimately, top level ideas of the philosophy retreated from more democratic thoughts of uplift as community progression, leaving a heritage that becomes smaller the Americans ideas of privileges, citizenship, and community justice. One of the significant limits of national uplift philosophy was that the attempt to recover the picture of dark people through category differences trafficked in statements of national and sex structure. The appeal implied in national uplift philosophy for the identification of dark elites capacity for citizenship had overshadowed post-emancipation justifications by shades of black and white wines that posited infrangible privileges as the foundation for dark men citizenship, financial privileges, equivalent protection, and team power. The dark top level made uplift the foundation for a racial top level identification declaring Negro improvement through category stratification as competition improvement, which required an associated idea of mercenary certification for bigger roles in the movie industry, among other factors. Elites basically approved the conditions of the debate, recognizing that some are more deserving than others are. Instead of competition, though, they suggeste d that it was acculturation and flourish of western culture and knowledge.ReferencesCapra, F., Moss, C., United States., & United States. (1994).The Negro soldier. Hollywood, CA poltroon Home Video.Hitchcock, A., Macgowan, K., Swerling, J., Steinbeck, J., Bankhead, T., Bendix, W. Slezak, W. Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. (2005).Lifeboat. Beverly Hills, Calif 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.Micheaux, O. (1994).The conquest The story of a Negro pioneer. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press.Micheaux, O., Thomas, P. A., Cram, B., Bowser, P., Taylor, C., Johnson, B., Northern Light Productions. PBS Video. (1994).Midnight ramble Oscar Micheaux and the story of race movies. Alexandria, VA PBS Video.Source document

C Language: Question Bank

material from hearing Mantra. Subscribe to thaw updates via email. corporeal from query Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Favourite 50 C oppugn Question Bank for freshers and experienced IT chopinemers Written by Madhulika Reddy and Dhoka Ratan. redact and Published by Sridhar Jammalamadaka Get the latest updates and news on slide byics biography and Education from Interview Mantra Subscribe to Interview Mantra for free. ABOUT THIS BOOK This admit comprises of Interview Questions and Answers collected from the famous c atomic number 18er advice blog www. InterviewMantra. et The aim of this restrain is to help freshers and experienced course of instructionmemers to flyingly brush up the basic concepts of C language. This book send away be employd as a quick study guide before attending a job interview which requires knowledge of C programming language. The questions that appear in this book atomic number 18 few of the approximately frequently asked que stions in IT Job interviews in top MNC companies. All the questions grant been neatly answered and have been supported with example computer code wherever applicable. A lot of effort has been put into this book to trade name the answers as accurate as possible, still no warranty or fitness is implied.The authors and the publisher sh every last(predicate) have neither liability nor responsibility to either person or entity with respect to whatever loss or alter arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the programs accompanying it. enjoy send your feedback to us via email to emailprotected net COPYRIGHT INFO C language Interview Question Bank by Sridhar Jammalamadaka is licensed at a lower place a Creative Commons Attribution-Sh atomic number 18 Alike 2. 5 India License. Based on a work at www. interviewmantra. net. In simple words, you may use this work for commercial purposes, remix the work, reproduce it by any means, provided ou keep a link to http//www. interviewmantra. net and attribute the work to the owner Sridhar Jammalamadaka. CONTENTS AT A GLANCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Chapter Name pg-no Variables & Control carry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Operators, Constants & Structures . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 computer programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 Variables & Control Flow 1. What is the difference mingled with declaring a inconstant and delimitate a protean? 2. What is a tranquil varying quantity? 3. What is a read variable? 4. Where is an auto variable stored? 5. What is background signal & computer memory allocation of medical extern and international variables? 6. What is scope & retentivity allocation of read, static and topical anesthetic variables? 7. What are warehousing memory, inattention place, scope and sprightliness story of Automatic and testify storage dissever? 8. What are storage memory, default observe, scope and life of silent and External storage sectionalization? 9. What is the difference amongst break and continue averments? 0. What is the difference between for and while loops? CHAPTER 2 Operators, Constants & Structures 1. Which bitwise operator is suitable for blocking whether a particular bit is ON or OFF? 2. Which bitwise operator is suitable for turning OFF a particular bit in a number? 3. What is equivalent of multiplying an unsigned int by 2 left shift of number by 1 or right shift of number by 1? 4. What is an figuring Constant? 5. What is a expression? 6. What are the differences between a structure and a union? 7. What are the advantages of unions? 8. How can flakedef be to define a type of structure? 9. call for open a program that dete riorates 3 poetry from a be vast exploitation a structure. 10. In code clipping below struct Date int yr int mean solar day int month date1,date2 date1. yr = 2004 date1. day = 4 date1. month = 12 Write a incline that assigns determine to date2. Arguments to the function must be pointers to the structure, Date and integer variables date, month, year. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. CHAPTER 3 Functions 1. What is the purpose of of import() function? 2. develop ascendency line arguments of main function? 3. What are header files? Are functions say or defined in header files ? 4.What are the differences between nominal arguments and actual arguments of a function? 5. What is pass by value in functions? 6. What is pass by reference in functions? 7. What are the differences between getchar() and scanf() functions for nurture strings? 8. Out of the functions fgets() and gets(), which one is safer to use and why? 9. What is the difference between the functions strdup() and strcpy()? CHAPTER 4 Pointers 1. What is a pointer in C? 2. What are the advantages of utilize pointers? 3. What are the differences between malloc() and calloc()? 4. How to use realloc() to dynamically increase size of an already allocated soldiers? . What is the equivalent pointer expression for referring an element aijkl, in a four dimensional set about? 6. Declare an array of three function pointers where each(prenominal) function receives two integers and returns float. 7. Explain the variable assignment in the declaration int *(*p10)(char *, char *) 8. What is the value of sizeof(a) /sizeof(char *) in a code clip char *a4=sridhar,raghava,shashi,srikanth 9. (i) What are the differences between the C statements below char *str = how-dye-do char arr = Hello (ii) Whether following statements get complied or non?Explain each statement. arr++ *(arr + 1) = s printf(%s,arr) CHAPTER 5 Programs 1. Write a program to go through factorial of the presumptuousness number. 2. Write a program to check whether the wedded number is even or odd. 3. Write a program to flip-flop two add up using a fugitive variable. 4. Write a program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. 5. Write a program to swap two numbers using bitwise operators. 6. Write a program to dress the superior of three numbers. 7. Write a program to find the greatest among ten numbers. . Write a program to check whether the apt(p) number is a primeval. 9. Write a program to check whether the stipulation number is a palindromic number. 10. Write a program to check whether the given string is a palindrome. 11. Write a program to generate the Fibonacci series. 12. Write a program to print Hello World without using semicolon anyplace in the code. 13. Write a program to print a semicolon without using a semicolon anywhere in the code. 14. Write a program to analyze two strings without using strcmp() function. 15. Write a program to concatenate two strings without using strcat() function. 16.Write a program to delete a specified line from a text file. 17. Write a program to replace a specified line in a text file. 18. Write a program to find the number of lines in a text file. 19. Write a C program which asks the exploiter for a number between 1 to 9 and shows the number. If the user inputs a number out of the specified range, the program should show an error and trigger the user for a valid input. 20. Write a program to vaunt the multiplication table of a given number. Testimonials Anushka M says Thank you soooo over very much for all these questions, along with the solutions. Its a great compilation.Thanks a lot guys. Anonymous says Awesome. Thanks a ton for uploading this pdf, your concept was crystallizing clear. directly I am very confident nigh myself. Now Im ready to face the interview challenge. Thanks once again. Urmi says Thank You.. Its Nice.. It protected my valuable Time.. Thanks a lot Rajakumari says Thank you so much Mr. Sridhar. No words to say , lot of thanks Very helpful to freshers & experienced. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. CHAPTER 1 Variables & Control Flow 1. What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?Declaration of a variable in C hints the compiling program about the type and size of the variable in compile time. Similarly, declaration of a function hints about type and size of function parameters. No aloofness is reserved in memory for any variable in example of declaration. sheath int a Here variable a is declared of data type int Defining a variable means declaring it and also allocating space to hold it. We can say Definition = Declaration + Space reservation. mannikin int a = 10 Here variable a is described as an int to the compiler and memory is allocated to hold value 10. 2. What is a static variable?A static v ariable is a special variable that is stored in the data segment unlike the default automatic variable that is stored in stack. A static variable can be initialized by using keyword static before variable name. Example static int a = 5 A static variable behaves in a contrary demeanor depending upon whether it is a global variable or a topical anesthetic variable. A static global variable is similar as an ordinary global variable except that it cannot be accessed by other files in the same program / project even with the use of keyword extern. A static local variable is different from local variable.It is initialized only once no consider how umpteen times that function in which it resides is called. It may be use as a count variable. Example include //program in file f1. c void count(void) static int count1 = 0 int count2 = 0 count1++ count2++ printf( respect of count1 is %d, Value of count2 is %d, count1, count2) /*Main function*/ int main() count() count() count() return 0 yield Value of count1 is 1, Value of count2 is 1 Value of count1 is 2, Value of count2 is 1 Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Value of count1 is 3, Value of count2 is 1 3. What is a put down variable?Register variables are stored in the mainframe computer registers. Its default value is a garbage value. mise en scene of a register variable is local to the engorge in which it is defined. Lifetime is gutter assure be within the obturate in which the register variable is defined. Variable stored in a CPU register can always be accessed instant(prenominal) than the one that is stored in memory. Therefore, if a variable is utilise at many places in a program, it is better to declare its storage categorise as register Example register int x=5 Variables for loop counters can be declared as register. Note that register keyword may be ignored by some compilers. . Where is an auto variables stored? Main memory and CPU registers are the two memo ry locations where auto variables are stored. Auto variables are defined under automatic storage class. They are stored in main memory. Memory is allocated to an automatic variable when the cube which contains it is called and it is de-allocated at the completion of its block execution. Auto variables Storage main memory. neglectfulness value garbage value. Scope local to the block in which the variable is defined. Lifetime till the control remains within the block in which the variable is defined. 5.What is scope & storage allocation of extern and global variables? Extern variables belong to the External storage class and are stored in the main memory. extern is utilize when we have to refer a function or variable that is implemented in other file in the same project. The scope of the extern variables is Global. Example /*************** Index f1. c ****************/ include extern int x int main() printf(value of x %d, x) return 0 Index f2. c ****************/ int x = 3 He re, the program written in file f1. c has the main function and reference to variable x. The file f2. c has the declaration of variable x.The compiler should know the datatype of x and this is done by extern definition. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Global variables are variables which are declared preceding(prenominal) the main( ) function. These variables are accessible throughout the program. They can be accessed by all the functions in the program. Their default value is zero. Example include int x = 0 /* Variable x is a global variable. It can be accessed throughout the program */ void increment(void) x = x + 1 printf( value of x %d, x) int main() printf( value of x %d, x) increment() return 0 6.What is scope & storage allocation of register, static and local variables? Register variables belong to the register storage class and are stored in the CPU registers. The scope of the register variables is local to the block in which the vari ables are defined. The variables which are used for more number of times in a program are declared as register variables for faster access. Example loop counter variables. register int y=6 Static variables Memory is allocated at the beginning of the program execution and it is reallocated only after the program terminates.The scope of the static variables is local to the block in which the variables are defined. Example include void decrement() static int a=5 a printf(Value of a%d, a) int main() decrement() return 0 Here a is initialized only once. Every time this function is called, a does not get initialized. so output would be 4 3 2 etc. , Local variables are variables which are declared within any function or a block. They can be accessed only by function or block in which they are declared. Their default value is a garbage value. 7. What are storage memory, default value, scope and life of Automatic and Register storage class? . Automatic storage class Storage Default value main memory. garbage value. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Scope Lifetime Storage Default value Scope Lifetime local to the block in which the variable is defined. till control remains within the block. CPU registers. garbage value. local to the block in which the variable is defined. till control remains within the block. 2. Register storage class 8. What are storage memory, default value, scope and life of Static and External storage class? 1. Static storage class Storage Default value ScopeLifetime Storage Default value Scope Lifetime main memory. zero local to the block in which the variable is defined. till the value of the variable persists between different function calls. main memory zero global as long as the program execution doesnt come to an end. 2. External storage class 9. What is the difference between break and continue statements? Differences between break and continue statements break 1. break is a keyword used to terminate the loop or exit from the block. The control jumps to next statement after the loop or block. 2. Syntax description 1 Statement 2 Statement n break 3. reak can be used with for, while, do- while, and switch statements. When break is used in nested loops i. e. within the inner most loop then only the innermost loop is terminated. 4. Example i = 1, j = 0 while(i a && b c) printf(b is Greater than a and c) else if (c a && c b) printf(c is Greater than a and b) else printf(all are equal or any two value are equal) return 0 Output Enter a,b,c 3 5 8 c is Greater than a and b definition with examples Consider three numbers a=5,b=4,c=8 if(ab && ac) then a is great than b and c now check this condition for the three numbers 5,4,8 i. . if(54 && 58) /* 54 is true but 58 fails */ so the control shifts to else if condition else if(ba && bc) then b is greater than a and c now checking this condition for 5,4,8 i. e. else if(45 && 48) /* both the conditions fail */ now t he control shifts to the next else if condition else if(ca && cb) then c is greater than a and b Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. now checking this condition for 5,4,8 i. e. else if(85 && 84) /* both conditions are satisfied */ Thus c is greater than a and b. 7.Write a program to find the greatest among ten numbers. Program include int main() int a10 int i int greatest printf(Enter ten values) // lay in 10 numbers in an array for (i = 0 i 10 i++) scanf(%d, i) //Assume that a0 is greatest greatest = a0 for (i = 0 i 10 i++) if (ai greatest) greatest = ai printf(Greatest of ten numbers is %d, greatest) return 0 Output Enter ten values 2 53 65 3 88 8 14 5 77 64 Greatest of ten numbers is 88 chronicle with example Entered values are 2, 53, 65, 3, 88, 8, 14, 5, 77, 64 They are stored in an array of size 10. et a be an array holding these values. /* how the greatest among ten numbers is found */ Let us consider a variable greatest. At the begi nning of the loop, variable greatest is assinged with the value of first element in the array greatest=a0. Here variable greatest is assigned 2 as a0=2. down the stairs loop is executed until end of the array a. for(i=0 igreatest) greatest= ai For each value of i, value of ai is compared with value of variable greatest. If any value greater than the value of greatest is encountered, it would be replaced by ai.After completion of for loop, the value of variable greatest holds the greatest number in the array. In this case 88 is the greatest of all the numbers. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. 8. Write a program to check whether the given number is a prime. A prime number is a natural number that has only one and itself as factors. Examples 2, 3, 13 are prime numbers. Program include main() int n, i, c = 0 printf(Enter any number n ) scanf(%d, ) /*logic*/ for (i = 1 i

Censorship of Electronic Communication Systems Essay

Communication system of confederation is changing promptly with the time. In ancient ages people use to communicate with shouting. If people argon much more apart from one another the letter compose was the only means of talk just before 500 years. cod to rapid development of science, now a days a meaning can be passed to millions of people who all ar scattered in whole world by a simple electronic communication system. Due to electronic communication devices true as well as false message can be transmit to the people with in short time, this whitethorn cause negative impact on society and country. For shake of betterment sometime it is inevitable to censor some of the news, ideas, books etc in the electronic communication.Electronic Communication. Every day, in our work and in our unfilled time, we come in contact with and use a variety of newfangled communication systems and communication media, the almost common being the telephone, radio, television, and the Internet . Through these media we are able to communicate (nearly) instantaneously with people on different continents, interact our daily business, and receive information about various developments and events of note that lapse all around the world.Electronic mail and facsimile transmission feel made it possible to rapidly communicate written messages across neat distances. Facebook, twiter, Hi5, blogs, online radio, online newspaper etc are the easiest way to spread a news or rumor. censoring. Censorship the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society has been a hallmark of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the interrogatory of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of mending or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive.The rationales for censorship claim varied, with some censors targeting material deemed to be ind ecent or lewd dissentient or blasphemous or seditious or treasonous. Thus, ideas have been stamp down under the guise of protecting three basic social institutions the family, the church, and the state. Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient as determined by a government, media outlet, or other controlling body. It can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship.It occurs in a variety of different contexts including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of reasons including internal security, to control obscenity, child pornography, and hate speech, to protect children, to promote or hold in political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel. It may or may not be legal. more countries provide strong protections against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute and it is frequently necessary to balance conflicting rights in order to determine what can and cannot be censored.Example of Censorship 1. Mobile network coverage was not allowed in Chittagong hill districts for insurgency problem. Insurgents and miscreants used to communicate with each other and die against general people. 2. Censorship is also imposed on social media standardised facebook, tweeter, YouTube in many Muslim country like Syria, Pakistan , Bangladesh, Indonesia etc for protesting against disrespect to their making love prophet. 3. People below 18 years are not allowed to mention or visit some of the adult site or mesh/books. 4. Recently in our country its one of the hot topic .Some blogger insulted our lovemaking prophet through the blog. To percentage point violation among people Bangldesh government stop some of the blogs.Bene flouts of Censorship It is evident that the hotly debated issue concerning media censorship is scantily started, e special(a)ly in todays incessantly changing media. With the ever changing medial rules and regulations, media authorities are always on their toes with regards to evaluating what is fit for publication or broadcast. This article aims at bluelighting both the pros and cons of censorship.1. subject area Issuea. In present days a country aim in developing nuclear weapon impasses ban on television receiver or broadcasting any news regarding nuclear weapon subject. b. A scandal or spreading obnoxious picture of very high official of the country needs a immediate censorship on electronic midea.2. Censorship on news During martial law special censorship is done in print and electronic media.3. Protects young children. The most obvious benefit of censorship includes radical regulations aimed at protecting children from dingy content. Moreover, media censorship help prevent hate speech and other organizations that spread hate ideologies. By filtering media content, parents are sure that their children are safe from obscene content.4. Upholds social value Internet censorship, on the other hand suppresses the manduction of information to such an extent that some websites are not accessible. In fact, some countries from different parts of the world have installed internet/media censorship to help keep the values and tradition restored/ or alive. With that said, media censorship plays an congenital role in safeguarding moral and social value in the society.5. Protects against sexism and racial discrimination We are all familiar with the saying that our children are upcoming leaders. Many folks have devoted their time to molding their childrens future. Since children learn from their peers and what they see on television, media censorship aims to protect them against sexism, racism and segregation. That way, children are raised well and with admirable social values.

Compare and Contrast “To Room Nineteen” and “Death by Landscape” Essay

In the short stories To Room Nineteen by Doris Lessing and Death By landscape by Margargont Atwood, two women find themselves isolated from the world and the people approximately them. This paper will compare and contrast each story to portray that although two female protagonists are isolated by their component, their individual responses to their circumstances are very different.In To Room Nineteen Susans closing off is caused by a number of factors society and the time she lives in, an unfaithful keep open in a broken marriage, and her own inability to deal with her discontented disembodied spirit. She knew he had been unfaithful because of his sullen air, and his glances at her, similar to hers at him What is that I share with this person that shields all delight from me? (p. 871) Susan feels trapped by her life and her family, and plagued by her husbands infidelity and the knowledge that this social average which she must learn to accept.In Death by Landscape Lois closi ng off is from the fact she is left field with no family. Her sons have grown up and left home and she is a widow. This leaves her with no one to support or safekeeping for her. While Rob was alive, while the boys were growing up, she could pretend she didnt take it, this empty space in sound. But now there is nought much left to distract her. (p. 35) Lois is tormented by her past quite a than her present, the traumatic experience of a childhood champion disappearing has remained with her for a years.In both stories the protagonists share the action of the circumstances they live in -oppression from external power. For Lois, she is never able to quite move on from her friends disappearance. She would never go up North, to Robs family cottage or to any place with wild lakes and wild trees and the calls of loons. (p.35) One of the major(ip) factors of her conflict is the result of her childhood camp leader Cappie, trying to unfairly blame her for the death or disappearance of he r friend Lucy Didnt what? Says Cappie softly. Didnt what, Lois? Lois does the worst thing she begins to cry. Cappie gives her a look like a pounce. Shes got what she wanted. (p.34)Susan is isolated by her own unhappiness and growing mental instability. She struggles to maintain appearances and live up to societal expectations. She said to Matthew in their bedroom I think there must be something wrong with me. (p.875) Her husband is no support to her and as he continues to carry on an affair, the distance mingled with them increases, as well as her feelings of isolation. Susan hires a nanny to avoid the responsibilities of her family in order to try and escape them. She finds a room at an unknown inn, which she uses as reprieve but this only amplifies her feelings of isolation and loneliness.The key deflection between the two protagonists is that over time, Lois is able to come to terms with her conflict and learn to accept it. She realizes that her friends disappearance is not he r geological fault the camp leader simply needed someone to blame. For Cappie, the idea of having no explanation for Lucys disappearance is simply too much to comprehend. though the experience still haunts her, Lois tries to move on with her life.Susan, however, falls victim to her conflict. She is unable(p) to cope, when her husband confronts her asking if she is having an affair, she cannot face the prospect of coming to terms with the law and reality of her life. Seeing no end to her struggles, Susan decides to commit suicide in room 19.Both women are isolated from the world and the people slightly them due in part to the circumstances of their lives. Although both sets of circumstances are very different, they are the root cause of the conflict of the worlds in which both women seek to remove themselves from. Each character takes a different data track that leads ultimately to the difference between life and death.